Ingxoxo Nesazi Samakhemikhali Ezinto Eziphilayo

NGO-1996, uMichael J. Behe, manje onguprofesa wesayensi yamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo eLehigh University ePennsylvania, e-U.S.A., wakhulula incwadi yakhe ethi Darwin’s Black Box—The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution. I-Phaphama! ka-May 8, 1997 yayinezihloko eziwuchungechunge ezithi “Saba Khona Kanjani?—Ngengozi Noma Ngokuklanywa?” ezabhekisela encwadini kaBehe. Phakathi nale minyaka eyishumi kusukela kwanyatheliswa i-Darwin’s Black Box, ososayensi abasekela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo baye bashikashikeka bezama ukuthola izizathu zokuphikisa imibono kaBehe. Abagxeki baye bammangalela bethi uvumela izinkolelo zakhe ezingokwenkolo zifiphaze umbono wakhe njengososayensi—ngenxa yokuthi ungumRoma Katolika. Abanye bathi umbono wakhe ungqubuzana nesayensi. I-Phaphama! yaxoxa noProfesa Behe ukuze izwe ukuthi kungani imibono yakhe iye yabangela impikiswano engaka.

I-PHAPHAMA!: KUNGANI UNOMUZWA WOKUTHI IZINTO EZIPHILAYO ZINIKEZA UBUFAKAZI BOKUTHI ZAKLANYWA NGOKUHLAKANIPHA?

UPROFESA BEHE: Njalo lapho sibona into esebenza ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi siye sithi iklanyiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga ngemishini esiyisebenzisa nsuku zonke—umshini wokugunda utshani, imoto, ngisho nezinto ezivamile. Isibonelo engithanda ukusisebenzisa unoxhaka. Umuntu uye aphethe ngokuthi uklanyiwe ngoba ebona izingxenye ezihlukahlukene ezihlelelwe ukuba zibambe igundane.

Isayensi isithuthuke kakhulu yembula isisekelo sezinto eziphilayo. Okumangalisayo ukuthi ososayensi baye bathola izingxenye ezisebenzayo eziyinkimbinkimbi emangqamuzaneni ezinto eziphilayo. Ngokwesibonelo, emangqamuzaneni aphilayo kukhona “amaloli” athutha izinto zisuka ngapha kwengqamuzana ziye ngalé kwalo. Kukhona “nezimpawu” ezincane zamangqamuzana ezitshela la “maloli” ukuthi ajikele kwesokudla noma kwesokunxele. Amanye amangqamuzana “anezinjini” eziqhuba amangqamuzana njengoba ehamba oketshezini. Kunoma isiphi esinye isimo, lapho kubonakala lokhu kusebenza okuyinkimbinkimbi, abantu bebeyophetha ngokuthi lezi zinto ziklanyiwe. Ayikho enye indlela yokuchaza lokhu kusebenza okuyinkimbinkimbi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uthini umbono kaDarwin wokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Njengoba besilokhu sazi ukuthi ukuhleleka okunjalo kubonisa ukuthi izinto ziklanyiwe, kuyafaneleka ukuba sicabange ukuthi lezi zimiso zamangqamuzana nazo zaklanywa ngokuhlakanipha.

I-PHAPHAMA!: UCABANGA UKUTHI KUNGANI ININGI LOZAKWENU LINGAVUMELANI NEZIPHETHO ZAKHO MAYELANA NOKUKLANYWA KWEZINTO NGOKUHLAKANIPHA?

UPROFESA BEHE: Ososayensi abaningi baphikisana neziphetho zami ngoba bayabona ukuthi umbono wokuthi izinto zaklanywa ngokuhlakanipha unencazelo engalé kwesayensi —ubonisa ngokuqinile ukuthi kunokuthile okungalé kwemvelo. Lesi siphetho senza abantu abaningi babe novalo. Nokho, mina ngafundiswa ukuthi isayensi kufanele ilandele ubufakazi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi buholelaphi. Ngokombono wami, kuwubugwala ukwenqaba into ethile ebonakala inobufakazi obunamandla kangaka ngenxa nje yokuthi ucabanga ukuthi leso siphetho asamukeleki ngokombono wefilosofi.

I-PHAPHAMA!: UBAPHENDULA KANJANI ABAGXEKI ABATHI UKWAMUKELA UMBONO WOKUTHI IZINTO ZAKLANYWA NGOKUHLAKANIPHA KUKHUTHAZA UKUNTULA ULWAZI?

UPROFESA BEHE: Isiphetho sokuthi izinto zaklanywa asibangelwa ukuntula ulwazi. Asibangelwa yilokho esingakwazi; sibangelwa yilokho esikwaziyo. Lapho uDarwin enyathelisa incwadi yakhe ethi The Origin of Species eminyakeni engu-150 edlule, ukuphila kwakubonakala kulula. Ososayensi babecabanga ukuthi ingqamuzana liyinto elula kangangokuthi lingazivelela nje odakeni olwandle. Kodwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, isayensi iye yathola ukuthi amangqamuzana ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngaphezu kwemishini esinayo kuleli khulu lama-21. Ukuba inkimbinkimbi kwawo ngaleyo ndlela kufakazela ukuthi aklanywa ngenjongo.

I-PHAPHAMA!: INGABE BUKHONA UBUFAKAZI OBUYE BAVEZWA YISAYENSI BOKUTHI UKUZIPHENDUKELA KWEMVELO, NGOKUZIHLELA NOKUZIVUMELANISA, KUYE KWAVEZA IZINGXENYE ZAMANGQAMUZANA EZIYINKIMBINKIMBI OKHULUMA NGAZO?

UPROFESA BEHE: Uma uhlola ezincwadini zesayensi, uyoqaphela ukuthi akukho muntu oke wenza umzamo oqotho—wazama ukuhlola noma wenza isibonelo esinemininingwane yesayensi—wokuchaza ukuthi izingxenye ezinjalo zamangqamuzana zavela kanjani ngezinqubo ezichazwa uDarwin. Lokhu kunjalo naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kule minyaka eyishumi kusukela kwanyatheliswa incwadi yami, izinhlangano eziningi zesayensi, njenge-National Academy of Sciences ne-American Association for the Advancement of Science, ziye zanxusa amalungu azo ngokuphuthumayo ukuba enze konke okusemandleni ukuze alwe nombono wokuthi izinto eziphilayo zinikeza ubufakazi bokuthi zaklanywa ngokuhlakanipha.

I-PHAPHAMA!: UBAPHENDULA KANJANI LABO ABABHEKISELA EZICINI ZEZITSHALO NOMA ZEZILWANE ABATHI ZAKLANYWA KABI?

UPROFESA BEHE: Ukuthi nje asisazi isizathu sokuba khona kwesici esithile entweni ephilayo akusho ukuthi asinayo indima ebalulekile esiyifezayo. Ngokwesibonelo, lokho okuthiwa yizitho ezingenamsebenzi kwakucatshangwa ukuthi zibonisa ukuthi umzimba womuntu nezinye izinto kuklanywe kabi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-appendix namathansela kwakucatshangwa ukuthi izitho ezingenamsebenzi futhi zazisikwa zikhishwe. Kodwa kwatholakala ukuthi lezi zitho zinendima esimisweni samasosha omzimba, futhi azisabhekwa njengezitho ezingenamsebenzi.

Elinye iphuzu okufanele silikhumbule ukuthi kuyisayensi yezinto eziphilayo, kusobala ukuthi izinto ezithile zenzeka ngengozi. Kodwa ukuthi nje imoto yami inesifaca noma iphantsha isondo akusho ukuthi leyo moto noma isondo akuzange kuklanywe. Ngokufanayo, ukuthi nje ezinye izinto zenzeka ngengozi kuyisayensi yezinto eziphilayo akusho ukuthi izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi zamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo zavela ngengozi. Ukusho kanjalo akunangqondo neze.

[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 12]

“Ngokombono wami, kuwubugwala ukwenqaba into ethile ebonakala inobufakazi obunamandla kangaka ngenxa nje yokuthi ucabanga ukuthi leso siphetho asamukeleki ngokombono wefilosofi”