Ingabe Kuwukuhlakanipha Ukutshala Imali Ngokuthenga Amasheya?

“Abantu abaningi kunanini ngaphambili sebetshala imali ngokuthenga amasheya.”—Newsweek, July 5, 1999.

INDAWO yokuhweba ngamasheya ibonakala iyimakethe ephithizelayo. Kusetshenziswa izimpawu zesandla eziyimpicabadala (kobukele), kuvela imiyalezo emabhodini omshini iphinde inyamalale ngokushesha, kanti abathengisi bamasheya balwela ukuzwiwa nakuba kunomsindo omkhulu ngaleyo ndlela.

Nokho, namuhla abantu abaningi eyayibaxaka imakethe yamasheya sebetshala imali kuyo. Ngani? Phakathi kokunye, i-Internet iye yavulela abatshali bezimali ithuba elisheshayo lokuthola imibiko yezimali, iseluleko ngokutshalwa kwezimali nokuthintana nabathengisi bamasheya. UPaul Farrell, umhleli oyinhloko we-Wall Street News, uyabhala: “[Kubatshali bezimali] abazimele, ukutshala izimali ngama-computer kuwumkhakha omusha, indlela entsha yokushisekela ingcebo, inkululeko yokuzimela, enethuba lokuba umuntu azimele ngokwezimali kuyilapho esebenzela ekhaya.”

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanye abeluleki bezezimali bayashaqeka ngokuzimisela kwabantu abaningi ukutshala imali emakethe okungenzeka abazi lutho ngayo. Omunye umhwebi wokutshalwa kwezimali onolwazi lweminyaka engaphezu kuka-38 esebenza ngokuphepha kwezezimboni watshela i-Phaphama! ukuthi: “Abantu abaningi bathenga amasheya ngoba befisa ukuthola inzuzo, hhayi ngoba bengabatshali bezimali. Abanye bangase bakubize ngokuthi ukutshala imali, kodwa abazi lutho ngenkampani abathenga futhi badayise [amasheya ayo].”

Yiziphi izinto okufanele uzihlaziye ngaphambi kokuba utshale imali yakho? Njengoba kunethuba lokulahlekelwa lapho uhweba ngamasheya, ingabe kuwukugembula? Ake siqale sihlole ukuthi imakethe yamasheya isebenza kanjani.

Ukuthenga ‘Ucezwana’

Izinkampani zidinga imali yebhizinisi, noma imali etshaliwe, ukuze ziphumelele. Uma inkampani ichuma futhi ifuna imali ethé xaxa yebhizinisi, abaphathi bayo bangase bakhethe ukuvulela umphakathi ithuba lokuthenga amasheya ayo. Incwadi ethile yesiqondiso ezindabeni zokuhweba ngamasheya ikubeka ngale ndlela: “Amasheya ayizingcezu zesiqu sezinkampani. Uma uthenga amasheya, uba umnikazi wengxenyana yenkampani.”

Emakethe yasemgwaqweni, abathengi nabadayisi bayahlangana futhi bahwebelane. Ngokufanayo, indawo yokuhweba ngamasheya iyimakethe yalabo abathenga futhi badayise amasheya. Ngaphambi kokuba lezi zindawo zibe khona, amasheya ayedayiswa ngabathengisi emathilomu nasemgwaqweni. Ukuhweba ngaphansi kwesihlahla ku-68 Wall Street kwaholela ekumisweni kweNew York Stock Exchange. * Manje sekunezindawo zokuhweba ngamasheya emazweni amaningi. Noma yiluphi usuku, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yisikhathi sini, kunendawo yokuhweba ngamasheya evuliwe ndawana-thile emhlabeni.

 Ukuze ahwebe ngamasheya, ngokuvamile otshala imali uvula i-akhawunti kumthengisi abese efaka i-oda. Namuhla ama-oda okuthenga noma okudayisa amasheya angenziwa ngocingo, nge-Internet, noma ngokoqobo. Khona-ke umthengisi kufanele enze lokho okudingwa i-oda lomtshali wemali. Uma uhwebo lwamasheya luzokwenziwa ngendlela evamile esikhungweni samasheya, ihhovisi labathengisi liqondisa omunye wabathengi balo ukuba athenge noma adayise amasheya omtshali wezimali. Eminyakeni yamuva nje izindawo eziningi zisebenzisa izimiso zokuhweba ngama-computer ngokuphelele, avumela ukuba ukuhweba kwenziwe ngemva kwemizuzwana umthengisi ethole i-oda. Khona-ke uhwebo lubhalwa phansi ngokwemali ebizwayo—amanani amanje nemininingwane yohwebo evezwa ebhodini lomshini.

Ngokuvamile intengo yokuthenga noma yokudayisa amasheya inqunywa ngokuncintisana, njengasendalini. Imibiko yebhizinisi, inzuzo yenkampani namathemba ayo esikhathi esizayo konke kungathonya intengo yamasheya. Abatshali bezimali banethemba lokuthenga amasheya abo ngemali ephansi bese bewadayisa bathole inzuzo lapho esethé ukwenyuka ngenani. Ingxenye ethile yenzuzo yenkampani ingase futhi ihlukaniselwe abanikazi bamasheya njengenzuzo. Abanye abantu bathenga amasheya njengendlela yokutshala imali isikhathi eside, abanye bawathenga bawadayise njalo, benethemba lokuthola inzuzo ngentengo yamasheya akhuphuka ngokushesha phakathi nesikhathi esifushane.

Nakuba ukuhweba ngamasheya ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngocingo, ukuhweba ngemishini (ukuthenga nokudayisa amasheya nge-Internet) sekwande kakhulu. I-Financial Post ibika ukuthi inani labantu abahweba ngemishini e-United States “lenyuka lisuka kwabangaba ngu-100 000 ngosuku ngo-1996 laya kwabangaba ngu-500 000 ekupheleni kuka-June [1999], kanti amaphesenti acishe abe ngu-16 ayo yonke imidanti yohwebo e-United States enziwa ngemishini.” ESweden cishe amaphesenti angu-20 alo lonke uhwebo ngo-1999 enziwa nge-Internet.

Tshala Imali Ngokuhlakanipha

Ukuhweba okulula ngamasheya umuntu esebenzisa i-computer nokuthola ukwaziswa ngaphambili okwakugcinelwe abathengisi nabahwebi abangochwepheshe kuphela, kuye kwashukumisela abatshali bezimali abaningi abazimele ukuba bangenele uhwebo, ukuthenga nokudayisa amasheya isikhathi esigcwele. Abanye baye bayeka imisebenzi eholelayo ukuze babe abahwebi. Ngani? “Ukuheha kusobala,” kuchaza umagazini i-Money. “Abekho abaqashi, unawo wonke amandla okulawula ukuthi uhweba kanjani futhi nini kanye nethuba elikhulu—noma lokho okubonakala sengathi kuyilo—lokwenza izindodla zemali.” Indoda ethile eneminyaka engu-35 eyayeka umsebenzi wayo oholela imali engamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-1,4 ngonyaka ukuze ihwebe ngamasheya ekhaya icashunwa ithi: “Ikhona yini enye indlela yokuziphilisa ungakhathazeki ngezinhlu zezimpahla ezikhona nangabaqashi, ungakhokhi ntela, uchofoza nje umshini?”

Ochwepheshe bathi ukuhweba ngamasheya akulula ngendlela umtshali wezimali omusha acabanga ngayo. Udokotela wezifo zengqondo owelapha ngokukhethekile ukucindezeleka kwabezohwebo uthi: “Ukuhweba kubonakala kulula ngendlela ekhohlisayo, kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi kuyindlela enzima kakhulu yokuthola imali kalula.” Indathane yemibiko yezimali nezeluleko inemiphumela engemihle. UPaul Farrell, ocashunwe ekuqaleni, uthi: “Ukwaziswa okuyindathane okungapheli okuza kanyekanye kubahwebi—kokubili abazimele kanye nalabo abahwebela izinkampani—kunethonya elikhulu kabi ngokwengqondo: ukucindezeleka ngokomzwelo nokukhungatheka.”

Ukuzethemba ngokweqile nakho kungaba ugibe. Umlobeli wengosi yezezimali uJane Bryant Quinn uxwayisa ngemibono eyingozi phakathi kwabahwebi: “Ucabanga ukuthi uma uphethe izintambo—noma ulawula umshini—izinto ezimbi azinakwenzeka. Ucabanga ukuthi njalo uyokwazi  ukungenela kusenesikhathi.” Uyanezela: “Ngenxa yokuthi sithola ukwaziswa okusetshenziswa ngochwepheshe, siqala ukucabanga ukuthi nathi singochwepheshe.” Naphezu kwemibiko esakazwa kabanzi yabatshali bezimali abaye baba yizinjinga ngokuphazima kweso emakethe yamasheya, ukuhweba ngamasheya kunezinkinga okuhambisana nazo. Abanye abatshali bezimali baye baphumelela kakhulu. Abanye baye balahlekelwa kakhulu.

Abeluleki bezokutshalwa kwezimali banxusa abantu abafuna ukutshala izimali ukuba bacabangele umlando wenkampani nesimo sayo sesikhathi esizayo, ukuthi imikhiqizo yayo ifuneka kangakanani, ukuqhudelana namanye amabhizinisi nezinye izici eziningana ngaphambi kokukhetha amasheya aleyo nkampani. Ngokuvamile lokhu kwaziswa kutholakala ngabathengisi bamasheya nezinye izinhlangano zezimali. Abatshali abaningi bezimali bathintana nabahleli bezomnotho ngaphambi kokuthenga amasheya. * Ngokucabangela isizinda senkampani, otshala izimali angaqiniseka nangokuthi imali yakhe ngeke isetshenziselwe ukuxhasa umkhankaso ongabazisayo.—Bheka i-Phaphama! yesiNgisi ka-February 8, 1962, amakhasi 21-3.

Ukugembula Kwezezimboni?

Uma sibheka izingozi ezihilelekile emakethe yamasheya, ingabe ukuthenga amasheya kuyefana nokugembula? Kunamathuba okulahlekelwa kunoma yikuphi ukutshalwa kwezimali. Abanye abantu bathenga indawo, bengazi ukuthi inani layo liyokhula noma linciphe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Abanye bafaka imali yabo ebhange, benethemba lokuthi iyolondeka. Nakuba imakethe yamasheya iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho, uma sikubeka kalula, umuntu otshala imali ngamasheya uthenga amasheya enkampani enethemba lokuthi leyo nkampani iyochuma futhi lawo masheya abe nenani elithé xaxa.

Ukutshala imali ngaleyo ndlela akufani nokugembula ngoba umnikazi wamasheya uthengé ingxenye yenkampani. La masheya angadayiselwa omunye umuntu noma alondolozwe ngethemba lokuthi ayokhula kusasa. Lokhu akunakushiwo ngomuntu obheja ngemali yakhe noma oyifaka emdlalweni wenhlanhla. Ngokuthembela enhlanhleni, umgembuli ufuna ukubikezela umphumela ongaqinisekile futhi awine imali yomuntu olahlekelwe.

Umtshali wemali kufanele azifake kangakanani engozini? Lokhu kuyisinqumo somuntu ngamunye. Yiqiniso, akukona ukuhlakanipha ukuzidela ngokutshala imali eningi kunaleyo umuntu azimisele ukuba imlahlekele.

Umbono Olinganiselayo Ngemali

Ngenxa yokufisa ukuzibekela imali yezidingo zabo zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo, abanye baye banquma ukutshala imali emakethe yamasheya. Isisusa somuntu sokwenza izinqumo ezinjalo ezingokwezimali sibalulekile. UJane Bryant Quinn, ocashunwe ekuqaleni, uthi: “Ukuba nomhawu ngezicebi ezinenhlanhla kungaveza imizwelo yethu emibi kakhulu njengabatshali bezimali.” Lawo magama ananela iseluleko sencwadi eyabhalelwa insizwa ethile eminyakeni ecela kwengu-2 000 edlule: “Labo abazimisele ngokuceba bawela esilingweni nasogibeni nasezifisweni eziningi ezingenangqondo nezilimazayo, eziphonsa abantu embubhisweni nasencithakalweni. Ngoba uthando lwemali luyimpande yazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto ezilimazayo, futhi ngokuzama ukufinyelela loluthando abanye baye badukiswa okholweni futhi bazigwaza yonke indawo ngobuhlungu obuningi.”—1 Thimothewu 6:9, 10.

Ukuthi umuntu unquma ukuyitshala kanjani imali yakhe kuyisinqumo somuntu siqu. Eqondiswa ukuhluzeka kwengqondo nokwaneliseka ngezidingo zokuphila, umtshali wemali uyobe wenza kahle uma ekhumbula ukugcina izindaba ezingokwezimali endaweni yazo, angayidebeseleli imithwalo yakhe yomkhaya nezidingo zawo ezingokomoya.

[Imibhalo yaphansi]