Nuklea Akodi—Henanom na Wɔde Bɛba?

“Ɛnyɛ den sɛ wobetumi de nuklea akode atɔre adesamma abusua ase. Ɛte saa nnɛ . . . ɛmfa ho sɛ Apuei ne Atɔe Ntam Ntawntawdi no baa awiei bɛboro mfe du ni no.”—Kan U.S. Bammɔ Soafo, Robert S. McNamara ne James G. Blight, ɔbenfo a ɔkyerɛ amanaman ntam ayɔnkofa ho ade wɔ Watson Amanaman Ntam Adesuabea.

BERE a Apuei ne Atɔe Ntam Ntawntawdi no baa awiei wɔ 1991 mu no, wokyim ɔsɛe da ho dɔn no nsa kɔɔ akyi simma 17 ma adu “ɔdasum.” Ɔsɛe da ho dɔn a ɛyɛ sɛnea wosusuw sɛ wiase no abɛn nuklea akodi (ɔdasum) ho sɛnkyerɛnne no ho mfonini da Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists nsɛmma nhoma no akyi. Efi bere a wɔyɛɛ dɔn no wɔ 1947 mu no, 1991 mu na wokyim dɔn no nsa kɔɔ akyiri sen biara. Nanso efi saa bere no, dɔn no nsa no afi ase rekɔ anim bio. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ February 2002 mu no, wokyim dɔn no nsa kɔɔ anim simma ason ma adu ɔdasum. Eyi ne nea ɛto so abiɛsa a wɔakyim dɔn no nsa akɔ anim fi bere a Apuei ne Atɔe Ntam Ntawntawdi baa awiei no.

 Dɛn nti na wɔn a wotintim saa nyansahu nsɛmma nhoma no tee nka sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wokyim dɔn no nsa kɔ anim? Dɛn nti na wɔte nka sɛ nuklea akodi da so ara yɛ asiane? Na hena na anhwɛ a ɔbɛsɛe asomdwoe a yɛwɔ no?

Nuklea Akode a “Wɔatew So” Ho Ahintasɛm

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists nsɛmma nhoma no kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ: “Nuklea akode bɛboro 31,000 da so ara wɔ hɔ.” Ɛde ka ho sɛ: “Akode yi mu ɔha mu aduɔkron anum wɔ United States ne Russia, na bɛboro 16,000 ayɛ krado sɛ ɛbɛtow.” Ebetumi aba sɛ nnipa binom ahu ntease a enni nuklea akode dodow a ɛda so wɔ hɔ no mu. So aman a wɔwɔ nuklea akode so tumi a ɛkyɛn so yi nkae dedaw sɛ wɔatew wɔn aprɛm mmoba so ma aka 6,000?

Nsɛm a edidi so yi ma yehu akode a wɔkyerɛ sɛ “wɔatew so” no ho ahintasɛm. Amanneɛbɔ bi a Carnegie Amanaman Ntam Asomdwoe Ho Foto no de too gua kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ: “Wɔde akontaabu mu mmara pɔtee bi a aman a wɔn nsa hyɛ START apam (Nhyiam a Wɔyɛ De Tew Nuklea Akode So) no ase agye atom no na ebu aprɛm mmoba 6,000 no ho akontaa. Aman a wɔwɔ tumi sen biara yi bɛkora akode afoforo mpempem pii so a wɔrensɛe no.” (Yɛn na yɛasi ɔfã bi so dua no.) Sɛnea Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists kyerɛ no, “wɔde U.S. aprɛm mmoba a na ayɛ krado sɛ ɛbɛtow a woyiyii no besie (aka aprɛm mmoba 5,000 a wɔde asie dedaw no ho) sen sɛ wɔbɛsɛe no.”

Nuklea akode—a wobetumi atow afi asasepɔn biako so akɔ foforo so—a wɔde asie nyinaa akyi no, nuklea aprɛm mmoba ne afoforo mpempem pii da so ara wɔ hɔ a wɔayɛ sɛ wɔde bɛtow ahyɛ mmeae a ɛbemmɛn so. Akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ, nuklea akode mu aman abien a wɔwɔ tumi sen biara yi da so ara wɔ nuklea akode a wɔakora so a wobetumi de asɛe wiase nyinaa mpɛn ahorow pii! Akode a ɛyɛ hu sɛɛ a wɔkora so no de asiane foforo ba—nuklea akode a wobetumi adi mfomso atow.

Nuklea Akodi a Wobetumi Adi Mfomso Ako

Robert S. McNamara ne James G. Blight a yɛafa wɔn asɛm aka no kyerɛ sɛ: “Nea U.S. asraafo a wɔde nuklea akode di ako no twɛn ara ne sɛ wɔbɛte sɛ wɔntow wɔn nuklea akode mfa nhyia atamfo de.” Dɛn na eyi kyerɛ? Wɔkyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ “bere a Russiafo aprɛm mmoba nam wim reba no, na yɛn de no ayɛ krado dedaw.” Wɔde ka ho sɛ: “Sɛnea nhyehyɛe a wɔayɛ kyerɛ no, sɛ wonya de kɔkɔbɔ ma sɛ Russiafo rebɛtow ahyɛ yɛn so a, ɛrenni simma 15 na yɛde yɛn de ahyia wɔn.” Sɛnea kan U.S. nuklea sraani panyin bi kyerɛ no, “ɛkame ayɛ sɛ aprɛm a ɛwɔ asase so nyinaa ayɛ krado sɛ ɛbɛtow wɔ simma abien ntam.”

Saa tebea yi ama ayɛ hu sɛ anhwɛ a na wɔadi obi mfomso akyi atow nuklea akode bi. Asɛm bi a ɛwɔ U.S.News & World Report mu kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ: “Wɔadi mfomso de ahyɛde ankasa ama Amerika nuklea asraafo bere a na wɔresɔ wɔn nuklea akode ahwɛ no bɛboro pɛnkoro.” Wɔadi mfomso de ahyɛde a ɛte saa ama nuklea asraafo wɔ Russia nso. Bere a Norway ɔsraman bi a wɔde yɛ wim tebea mu nhwehwɛmu de kɔkɔbɔ a ɛnyɛ nokware mae wɔ 1995 mu no,  Russia mampanyin yɛɛ krado sɛ anka ɔbɛma wɔatow nuklea aprɛm ahyia no.

Nhyehyɛe a ɛma wɔyɛ krado bere nyinaa yi ma mpanyimfo a wosisi gyinae horow no ho kyere wɔn paa. Anigyesɛm ne sɛ, asraafo mpanyimfo ahu sɛ kɔkɔbɔ a bere bi a atwam no na ɛba no nyɛ nokware ma enti, yɛakwati nuklea akodi. Nhwehwɛmufo bi kaa asɛm bi a esii wɔ 1979 mu ho asɛm sɛ: “Nea amma Amerikafo antow wɔn aprɛm ne ahunmu mfiri a etumi de kɔkɔbɔ ma ntɛm a ɛma wohui sɛ na Sovietfo aprɛm biara nni wim no.” Nanso ɛnkyɛ na ahunmu mfiri a ɛte saa no asɛe. Nea ɛhaw nhwehwɛmufo pii ne sɛ, “Russiafo ahunmu mfiri a edi kan de kɔkɔbɔ ma ntɛm no pii nyɛ adwuma bio anaasɛ ayera wɔ ahunmu.” Enti sɛnea U.S. sraani panyin bi a wakɔ pɛnhyen kae mfe pii ni no, “aprɛm a obi bedi kan atow bere a ɔfã foforo no ani nna ne ho so, mfomso a wobedi ato aprɛm bi, hokwan a obi a ɔmfata benya anaa asiane ma tebea no yɛ hu, sɛnea bere bi a atwam no na ɛte no ara pɛ.”

Nuklea Kuw no Mufo Afoforo

Ɛwom sɛ aman abien a wɔwɔ nuklea so tumi sen biara no na wɔwɔ nuklea no pii de, nanso aman te sɛ China, France ne Great Britain nso wɔ nuklea akode. Nnansa yi, India ne Pakistan abɛka aman a wɔagye wɔn atom sɛ wɔwɔ nuklea kuw no mu ho. Saa aman yi akyi no, afoforo pii te sɛ Israel nso ka aman a wɔtaa ka wɔn ho asɛm sɛ wɔpɛ sɛ wɔyɛ bi anaa mpo sɛ wɔwɔ bi dedaw no ho.

Sɛ amammuisɛm mu nsɛmnsɛm bi si aman a wɔwɔ nuklea akode yi ne wɔn a afei na wɔabɛka fekuw no ho ntam a, ebetumi de nuklea akodi aba. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists nsɛmma nhoma no kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ: “Cuba Akode Ho Nsɛmnsɛm no akyi no, wontwiwontwi a ɛda India ne Pakistan ntam no ne biribi a sɛ wɔanhwɛ anka ho asɛm a, ɛde nuklea akodi bɛba.” Sɛnea nneɛma mu yɛɛ den wɔ 2002 mfiase no maa nuklea akodi ho hu kaa nnipa pii.

Afei, akode a etumi sɛe nneɛma pii a wɔayɛ no ama ayɛ hu sɛ anhwɛ a wɔbɛtow nuklea topae. Bere a The New York Times reka U.S. Bammɔ Asoɛe kokoam amanneɛbɔ bi ho asɛm no, ɛkae sɛ “ebetumi aba sɛ nuklea akode a wɔbɛtow de asɛe atamfo akode a wɔaboaboa ano a ebetumi asan atɔre abɔde mu nneɛma ase na asɛe nneɛma foforo pii,” no nso abɛka Amerikafo nuklea nhyehyɛe ho.

 Amumɔyɛfo ntua a wɔde kɔɔ United States so wɔ September 11, 2001 no nyanee nuklea ho hu no bio. Ɛnnɛ, nnipa pii gye di sɛ amumɔyɛfo rebɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛyɛ nuklea akode—anaa mpo sɛ wɔwɔ bi dedaw. Ɔkwan bɛn so na ebetumi ayɛ yiye saa?

“Nuklea Ase Wura” a Amumɔyɛfo De Yɛ Atopae

So wobetumi de nneɛma a wɔtɔn no sum ase ayɛ nuklea ɔtopae? Time nsɛmma nhoma de mmuae ma sɛ, yiw. Nsɛmma nhoma no kaa kuw bi a wɔhyehyɛe sɛ wonsiw amumɔyɛfo a wɔde nuklea di dwuma ano ho asɛm. Ɛde besi saa bere yi, kuw no “aboaboa atopae a amumɔyɛfo no ankasa nam nneɛma a wɔtɔ no abɔnten so ayɛ no sum ase pii ano.”

Nuklea akode a wɔma wogyae yɛ ne nea wɔsan tutuw gu hɔ no ama ayɛ mmerɛw sɛ afoforo bewia ho nneɛma. Time nsɛmma nhoma ka sɛ: “Russiafo nuklea akode a wɔayiyi afi mmeae a na wɔhwɛ so yiye wɔ wim akohyɛn ne po ase akohyɛn mu de akɔhyɛ mmeae a bammɔ no mu nyɛ den biara no bɛma amumɔyɛfo a wɔn ani abere no abɔ mmɔden sɛ wobewia.” Sɛ nnipa kuw ketewa bi nsa ka nuklea akode a wɔatutuw no bi na wɔsan hyehyɛ a, ɛrenkyɛ na saa kuw no abɛka nuklea kuw no ho!

Peace nsɛmma nhoma no ka sɛ ɛho nhia mpo sɛ obi bɛhyehyɛ topae bi ansa na wabɛyɛ nuklea kuw no muni. Nea ehia ara ne sɛ obenya nuklea atuduru a ɛdɔɔso kakra. Nsɛmma nhoma no ka sɛ: “Sɛ amumɔyɛfo a wɔwɔ akode a aba so foforo no de nuklea atuduru no biako to foforo so kɛkɛ a, ebetumi ama nuklea no atow.” Nuklea atuduru a ano yɛ den saa no dodow ahe na wohia na wɔatumi atow? Sɛnea nsɛmma nhoma no kyerɛ no, “nea wohia ara ne atuduru a emu duru yɛ kilogram ason pɛ.” Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ nuklea akode ho nneɛma a wogye fii akorɔmfo nsam wɔ Czech Republic wɔ 1994 mu no dodow ne eyi yɛ pɛ!

Wobetumi de nuklea ase wura nso ayɛ nuklea akode. The American Spectator atesɛm krataa ka sɛ, “nea ɛhaw animdefo no ne nuklea ho wura a wɔde frafra akode ahorow no.” Wɔfrɛ akode ahorow a enni mu yi nuklea ase wura anaa topae a enni mu. Bɔne bɛn na wobetumi de adi? IHT Asahi Shimbun atesɛm krataa kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ atopae a enni mu yi “de atuduru a ano yɛ den na ɛpae nsõ a awuduru wom pete, sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛsɛe mframa de akunkum atamfo sen sɛ anka wɔde topae anaa ogya bɛyɛ saa.” Ɛtoa so sɛ: “Etumi de nyarewa a ɛyɛ hu pii brɛ nnipa na awiei koraa no ekunkum wɔn.” Ɛwom sɛ nnipa binom ka sɛ nuklea ase wura a wɔde di dwuma no ntumi mpira nnipa kɛse de, nanso nuklea aprɛm a ano yɛ den a wɔtɔn no sum ase no haw nnipa pii. Sɛnea nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛɛ no wiase nyinaa nnansa yi kyerɛ no, nnipa a wobisabisaa wɔn nsɛm no ɔha mu 60 susuw sɛ wɔ mfe du a ɛda yɛn anim mu no, amumɔyɛfo de nuklea akode bedi dwuma.

Akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ, nuklea ho asiane no da so ara hunahuna wiase no. Britain atesɛm krataa Guardian Weekly a ɛbae January 16-22, 2003, no kae sɛ: “Ɛyɛ mmerɛw nnɛ sɛ U.S. de nuklea akode bedi dwuma sen bere a na Apuei ne Atɔe Ntam Ntawntawdi no gyina mu denneennen no. . . . U.S. de nkakrankakra repiapia yɛn akɔ nuklea akodi mu.” Ne saa nti, ntease wom sɛ yebisa sɛ: “So yebetumi akwati nuklea akodi? Anidaso bi wɔ hɔ sɛ nuklea ho ahunahuna no befi hɔ? Yebesusuw nsɛmmisa yi ho wɔ asɛm a edi so no mu.

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Nuklea Bere a Ɛto So Abien?

Sɛnkyerɛwfo Bill Keller (a mprempren ɔyɛ The New York Times atesɛm krataa samufo panyin) rekyerɛw ho asɛm wɔ The New York Times Magazine mu no, ɔkae sɛ amanaman no adu nuklea bere a ɛto so abien mu. Nuklea bere a edi kan no baa awiei wɔ January 1994 mu, bere a Ukraine penee so sɛ ɛde akode a enya fii kan Soviet Union hɔ no begu hɔ no. Dɛn nti na ɔka nuklea bere a ɛto so abien ho asɛm?

Keller kyerɛw sɛ: Atopae anum a Hindufo aban a ebedii ade wɔ India no ma wɔtotowee de sɔ hwɛe wɔ Rajastani anhweatam ase wɔ 1998 mu no na efii nuklea bere a ɛto so abien no ase. Adapɛn abien akyi no, Pakistanfo nso sɔɔ wɔn atopae hwɛe.” Dɛn na ɛma atopae a wɔsɔ hwɛe yi da nsow wɔ nea wɔyɛe wɔ nuklea bere a edi kan no mu no ho? “Na eyi yɛ nuklea akode a wɔayɛ a wɔde bɛko atia aman pɔtee bi.”

So yebetumi aka sɛ wiase no asom adwo no sɛ anya aman abien abɛka nuklea kuw no ho? Keller toa n’asɛm no so sɛ: “Ɔman foforo biara a ne nsa bɛka nuklea akode no ma asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ aman abien a wɔwɔ bi de besi ani no mu yɛ den kɛse.”—Asɛmti, “Nea Ebetumi Asi” a epuei wɔ The New York Times Magazine, May 4, 2003, kratafa 50.

Ebia amanneɛbɔ a ɛne sɛ North Koreafo wɔ “nuklea atuduru a ɛdɔɔso a wobetumi de ayɛ nuklea akode foforo asia no bɛsɛe asɛm no koraa. . . . Asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ North Korea betumi ayɛ nuklea akode foforo na wɔasɔ emu biako mpo ahwɛ sɛ ɛyɛ adwuma yiye no yɛ kɛse da biara da.”—The New York Times, July 18, 2003.

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Aban panyin bi de nuklea akode a ɛte sɛ nea ɛhyɛ “bag” mu rekyerɛ

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AP Photo/Dennis Cook

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Ahunmu mfoninitwa afiri dedaw no resɛe

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NASA photo

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Asase: NASA photo