Zina la Ciuta mu Ciswahili
Ŵanandi para ŵapulika lizgu lakuti “Ciswahili,” ŵakughanaghana vya kuno ku Africa, na vinyama ivyo vikwendendeka ku Serengeti National park. Malo agha ghali na utheka unandi. Ndipouli, pali vinandi vyakukhwaskana na Ciswahili kweniso ŵanthu ŵaciyowoyero ici.
ISWAHILI nchiyowoyero ico cikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu 100 miliyoni mu vyaru 12 muno mu Africa. * Kweni mu vyaru vinyake nga ni Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda, Ciswahili ndico nchiyowoyero cikuru. Mu vyaru vyapafupi na vyaru ivi, ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Ciswahili. Cikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana ŵacitirenge pamoza malonda na kupulikana.
Ciswahili cawovwira comene kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana ku East Africa. Mwaciyelezgero, ku Tanzania kwekha kuli viyowoyero114. Ghanaghanirani waka kuti mwenda makilomita 40-80 kufuma pa cikaya cinu, mbwe mukusanga ŵanthu ŵaciyowoyero cakupambana na cinu. Ndipo mu malo ghanyake mukusanga kuti ŵanthu ŵaciyowoyero cimoza ŵakukhala pa malo ghamoza mu mizi yicoko waka. Kasi mungapulikana nawo wuli? Lekani nchakovwira kuŵa na ciyowoyero cimoza.
Mdauko wa Ciswahili
Vikuwoneka kuti Ciswahili cikamba kuyowoyeka mu vilimika vya m’ma 900 C.E. Ciswahili ŵakamba kucilemba mu vyaka vya m’ma 1500 C.E. Ŵanandi awo ŵakusambira Ciswahili ŵakuwona kuti mazgu ghanandi ghakuyana na Ciarabic. Nakuti 20 peresenti ya mazgu gha Ciswahili ghakufuma ku ciyowoyero ca Arabic, apo 80 peresenti nga mu Africa mwenemuno. Ntheura, nchakuzizika yayi kuwona kuti Ciswahili cikalembekanga mu vilembo vya Arabic kwa vilimika vinandi.
Mazuŵa ghano Ciswahili cikulembeka mu vilembo vya Ciroma. Kasi vikenda wuli? Ndipo ŵakasinthiraci? Kuti tizgore tiwelere kumasinda ca mukatikati mwa vilimika vya m’ma 1800 C.E., apo ŵamishonale ŵakwamba ŵa ku Europe ŵakafika ku vyaru vya East Africa na cilato cakuti ŵakapharazge uthenga wa mu Baibolo.
Mazgu gha Ciuta Ghakadankha Kufika ku East Africa
Mu 1499, apo Vasco da Gama wakiza kuzakendera kumwera kwa Africa, ŵamishonale Ŵaciphwitikizi ŵakambiska Cikatolika ku East Africa na kukhazikiska mishoni ku Zanzibar. Ndipouli, pambere vilimika 200 vindajumphe, ŵakususka ŵakacimbizga Ŵaphwitikizi pamoza na “Ŵakhristu” mu cigaŵa ici.
Pakajumphaso vilimika vinyake 150 kuti mazgu gha Ciuta ghapharazgikeso ku East Africa. Pa nyengo iyi Mazgu gha Ciuta ghakiza na mishonale munyake wa ku Germany, zina lake Johann Ludwig Krapf. Mu 1844, wakati wafika ku Kenya, mu msumba wa Mombasa, wakasanga kuti cisopa cikuru cikaŵa Cisilamu. Kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakademelera ku mitheto ya ŵapapi ŵawo ya kusopa mizimu. Krapf wakawona kuti cikaŵa cakwenelera kuti Baibolo lithandazgike ku wose.
Krapf wakati wafika waka, wakamba kusambira Ciswahili. Mu Juni 1844, wakamba mulimo wakusuzga wa kung’anamura Baibolo. Cacitima nchakuti mu mwezi wakulondezgapo muwoli wake uyo wakakhala nayo kwa vilimika viŵiri wakafwa. Kweniso mazuŵa ghacoko waka ghati ghajumphapo, kamwana kawo kasungwana kakafwa. Nangauli wakaŵa na citima, kweni wakalutizga mulimo wakuzirwa uwu. Mu 1847, vipaturo vitatu vyakwambilira vya buku la Genesis vikasindikizgika. Ili ndilo likaŵa Baibolo lakwamba mu Ciswahili.
Krapf ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kulemba Ciswahili mu vilembo vya Ciroma m’malo mwa vya Arabic ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pakulemba. Cimoza mwa vifukwa ivyo wakalekera vilembo vya Arabic nchakuti wakawonanga kuti “alifabeti ya Ciarabic njinonono kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵayisambire.” Kweniso wakawonanga kuti vilembo vya Ciroma vikaŵa vipusu kuti ‘ŵenecaru ŵasambire viyowoyero vya ku Europe.’ Ŵanji ŵakalutilira kulemba vilembo vya Arabic kwa vyaka vinandi ndipo vigaŵa vinyake vya Baibolo vikasindikizgika mu vilembo ivi. Ndipouli, vilembo vya Ciroma vikaŵa nadi vipusu ku ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasambiranga Ciswahili. Ntheura, tikugomezga kuti ŵamishonale ŵanandi kweniso awo ŵakusambira Ciswahili mbakukondwa cifukwa ca kusintha uko kukacitika.
Padera pa kwambiska mulimo wakung’anamura Mazgu gha Ciuta mu Ciswahili, Krapf wakacitaso cinthu cinyake ico cikawovwira ŵang’anamuri awo ŵakiza pamasinda pake. Wakalemba buku la malango gha ciyowoyero ca Ciswahili, na dikishonare.
Zina la Ciuta mu Ciswahili
Mu vipaturo vitatu vyakwambilira mu buku la Genesis zina la Ciuta lili kung’anamulika kuti “Ciuta Mwenenkhongonozose.” Ndipouli, kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m’ma 1800 ku East Africa kukizaso ŵanalume ŵanandi awo ŵakalutizga mulimo wakung’anamura Baibolo lose mu Ciswahili. Ŵanji mwa ŵanthu aŵa ni Johann Rebmann, William Taylor, Harry Binns, Edward Steere, Francis Hodgson, na Arthur Madan.
Cinthu cakuzirwa ico ŵanthu aŵa ŵakacita pakung’anamura nchakuti mu Mabaibolo ghanyake ghakwambilira agha ŵakawezgeramo zina la Ciuta mu Malemba Ghacihebere ghose (Genesis-Malaki). Awo ŵakang’anamuliranga ku Zanzibara ŵakalemba zina la Ciuta kuti “Yahuwa” apo awo ŵakang’anamuliranga ku Mombasa ŵakalemba kuti “Jehova.”
Ca m’ma 1895 ŵakaŵa kuti ŵamara kung’anamura Baibolo lose mu Ciswahili. Mu vilimika vyakulondezgapo, ŵanji ŵakang’anamuraso Mabaibolo ghanyake ghanandi, nangauli ghanji ghakathandazgika comene yayi. Kukwambilira kwa vilimika vya m’ma 1900.C.E. ŵakayezgayezga kuti ku East Africa ŵayowoyenge Ciswahili cakuyana. Ntheura mu 1952 ŵakasindikizga Baibolo la Swahili Union Version. Baibolo ili ndilo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito comene. Ici cikawovwira kuti zina lakuti “Yehova,” ndilo liŵe zina lakuzomerezgeka mu Ciswahili.
Cacitima nchakuti mabaibolo agho ghakang’anamurika pakwambilira ghati ghaleka kusindikizgika, zina la Ciuta nalo likamba kusoŵa. Mabaibolo ghanyake agho ghakang’anamurika ca sonosono ŵali kuwuskiramothu zina ili ndipo ghanji lilimo mu malo ghacoko waka. Mwaciyelezgero, mu Baibolo la Union Version zina la Ciuta likusangika mu malo 15 pera. Ndipo ŵakati ŵalinozgaso mu 2006, zina la Ciuta likusangika mu malo 11. *
Nangauli mu Baibolo ili ŵali kuwuskamo zina la Ciuta mu malo ghanandi, kweni lili na cinthu cinyake cakuzirwa. Pa peji linyake kukwambilira pali kulembeka mazgu ghakuti zina la Ciuta ni Yehova. Ivi vyawovwira kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakupenja unenesko ŵamanye zina la Ciuta kwizira mu Baibolo lawo.
Nkhani iyi yikumalira penepapa yayi. Mu 1996, Baibolo la New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures likafumiskika mu Ciswahili. Ili ni Baibolo lakwamba kung’anamulika mu Ciswahili ilo lili kuwezgeramo zina la Ciuta mu malo 237 kufuma pa buku la Mateyu mpaka Uvumbuzi. Ndipo mu 2003 Baibolo lose la New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, likafumiskika mu Ciswahili. Pasono, pali kusindikizgika Mabaibolo 900,000 gha Ciswahili.
Sono zina la Ciuta likubisikaso na vithokozo yayi, panji kulilongosora waka kukwambilira kwa buku. Sono para ŵanthu awo mbanenesko mtima ŵajura Baibolo la New World Translation mu Ciswahili, ŵakusendelera kwa Ciuta nyengo zose para ŵakuŵazga zina lakuti Yehova ilo likusangika mu malo ghakujumpha 7,000.
Baibolo ili ŵali kuyezgayezga kuling’anamura mu Ciswahili cipusu cakuti Ŵaswahili wose ŵa ku East Africa ŵangapulika. Kweniso maubudi ghanandi agho ghakusangika mu Mabaibolo ghanyake, mu Baibolo ili ghali kunozgeka. Ntheura, para ŵanthu ŵakuŵazga Baibolo ili ŵakumanya kuti ivyo ŵakuŵazga ‘ni mazgu ghaunenesko’ nga umo Mlengi withu Yehova Ciuta wakaghayowoyera.—Mupharazgi 12:10.
Ŵanandi ŵakuwonga comene cifukwa ca Baibolo la Ciswahili la New World Translation. Vicent, wa vilimika 21, uyo ni mupharazgi wa nyengo zose, wakati: “Nkhakondwa comene cifukwa Baibolo la New World Translation lili na Ciswahili cipusu kweniso cifukwa cakuti lili kuwezgeramo zina la Ciuta ilo ŵanji ŵakaliwuskamo.” Mama wa ŵana ŵatatu zina lake Frieda wakuwona kuti Baibolo ili likumovwira kuti waleke kusuzgika pakulongosolera ŵanthu unenesko wa mu Baibolo.
Mulimo wakung’anamura Baibolo mu Ciswahili ukamba pacokopacoko. Kweni ukalutilira ndipo pakajumpha vyaka 150 kufuma apo Krapf wakambira kung’anamura kuzakafika apo Baibolo la New World Translation likafumiskikira. Yesu wakayowoya kuti wakavumbura ‘zina la Ŵawiske ku ŵanthu.’ (Yohane 17:6) Pasono Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova ŵakujumpha 76,000 awo ŵakuyowoya Ciswahili, pakati na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa ŵakukondwa pakovwira ŵanthu kumanya zina la Ciuta lakuti Yehova.
^ ndime 3 Ciswahili cikuyowoyekera panandi mu vyaru ivi.
^ ndime 18 Likusangika pa Genesis 22:14; Exodus 6:2-8 (pa malo ghaŵiri); 17:15 (Yahweh); Ŵeruzgi 6:24; Salmo 68:20; 83:18; Yesaya 12:2; 26:4; 49:14; Yeremiya 16:21.