Hondo Yemakore Nemakore Yokurwira Utano Hwakanaka

JOANNE aigara muNew York, uye aiva netibhii (TB). Asi chirwere chake chakanga chisiri TB chaiyo. Akanga aine masero ane utachiona husina zvahunoitwa nemishonga yose uye hunouraya hafu yevanhu vanenge vatapukirwa nahwo. Zvisinei, Joanne, akanga asingagari achienda kunorapwa, uye anenge akanga atombopa vamwe TB. ‘Anofanira kupfigirwa,’ akadaro chiremba wake akanga aora mwoyo.

TB muurayi kubvira kare. Zvechokwadi mamiriyoni evanhu akatambura uye akafa neTB. Uchapupu hwechirwere ichi hwakawanika mumitumbi yakaomeswa yeIjipiti yekare nePeru. Nhasi, utachiona hweTB huri kudzokazve huri kuuraya vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni maviri gore roga roga.

Carlitos, akanga akarara pakamubhedha mune imwe imba muAfrica, aiva nemadonhwe eziya pahuma yake. Marariya yakanga yamupedza simba zvokutadza kunyange kuchema. Vabereki vake vaishunguridzika vakanga vasina mari yomushonga, uye pakanga pasina chipatara pedyo kwavaigona kuendesa mwana wavo muduku kuti anorapwa. Fivha yacho haina kupera, uye mumaawa 48 akanga afa.

Marariya inouraya vana vakaita saCarlitos vanoda kusvika miriyoni imwe chete gore roga roga. Mumisha yokuEast Africa, vana vakawanda vanorumwa noumhutu hunotakura marariya ka50 kusvika kuka80 pamwedzi. Umhutu uhwu huri kupararira huchienda kunzvimbo itsva, uye mishonga inorwisa marariya haichanyanyi kushanda. Gore roga roga, vanhu vanofungidzirwa kuva mamiriyoni 300 vanorwara nemarariya yakakomba.

Mumwe murume ane makore 30 anogara muSan Francisco, kuCalifornia, anonzi Kenneth, akatanga kuenda kuna chiremba wake muna 1980. Aiti aiva nemanyoka uye ainzwa kurukutika. Kwapera gore rimwe chete akafa. Pasinei nezvakaedza kuitwa navanachiremba, muviri wake waingoperezeka, uye pakupedzisira akafa nemabayo.

Makiromita 16 000 kubva kuSan Francisco, pashure pemakore maviri mumwe mukadzi wechiduku kuchamhembe kweTanzania akatanga kuva nezviratidzo zvakafanana. Mumavhiki mashomanana, akanga asingachagoni kufamba, uye nokukurumidza pashure pacho akafa. Vagari venharaunda yacho vakapa chirwere chacho chavakanga vasati vamboona zita rokuti Juliana nokuti zvaiita sokuti mumwe murume aitengesa machira akanga akanzi Juliana ndiye akanga amutapurira chirwere ichi pamwe chete nevamwe vakadzi vomunharaunda iyoyo.

Kenneth nomukadzi wokuTanzania vaive nechirwere chakafanana: AIDS. Pakutanga kwema1980, pazvaiita sokunge sayenzi yezvokurapa  yakanga yokwanisa kudzora utachiona hwaiva nengozi kwazvo, chirwere chitsva ichi chinotapukira chakamuka kuti chivhiringidze vanhu. Mumakumi maviri emakore uwandu hwevaifa neAIDS hwakatanga kufanana nohuya hwevakafa nedenda rakapararira muEurasia muzana remakore rechi14—denda risingambokanganwiki nevanhu vomuEurope.

Denda reBlack Death

Denda reBlack Death ringave rakatanga kare muna 1347, apo ngarava yaibva kuCrimea yakamira muMessina, pachitsuwa cheSicily. Kunze kwezvinhu zvayaigarotakura, ngarava yacho yakatakurawo denda racho. * Nenguva isipi denda reBlack Death, rakapararira muItaly yose.

Gore rakatevera Agnolo di Tura, weSiena, Italy, akarondedzera zvinhu zvaityisa zvaiitika muguta rokumusha kwake achiti: ‘Kufa kwevanhu muSiena kwakatanga muna May. Denda racho rairwadza zvikuru uye raityisa. Vaibatwa naro vaibva vafa nokukurumidza. Mazana avo aifa, masikati nousiku.’ Akatizve: ‘Ndakaviga vana vangu vashanu ndoga, uye ndizvo zvakaita vakawanda. Hapana aichema pasinei nokuti akanga afirwa naani nokuti munhu wose aitarisira rufu. Vanhu vakawanda kwazvo vakafa zvokuti vanhu vose vakafunga kuti waiva mugumo wenyika.’

Mumakore mana, vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanoti, denda racho rakapararira muEurope yose uye vanhu vemo vanenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu vakafa—pamwe mamiriyoni evanhu ari pakati pe20 ne30. Denda racho rakatosvika kuIceland yaiva kure ndokuuraya vanhu. Zvinonzi kuFar East, vanhu vokuChina vakaderera kubva pamamiriyoni 123 pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi13 kusvika kumamiriyoni 65 muzana remakore rechi14, sezviri pachena nemhaka yedenda racho nenzara.

Hapana denda, hondo, kana nzara zvakanga zvaitika kare zvakambokonzera kutambura kwakapararira zvakadaro. “Yaiva njodzi isina yaingaenzaniswa nayo munhau yevanhu,” rinodaro  bhuku rinonzi Man and Microbes. “Vanhu vanenge chikamu chimwe chete muzvina uye vanenge hafu muEurope, North Africa, uye nedzimwe nzvimbo dzokuAsia vakafa.”

Nyika dzeAmerica dzakapona nepaburi retsono padenda reBlack Death, nokuti nyika idzi dziri kwadzo dzoga. Ngarava dzomugungwa padzakatanga kuyambuka nyanza, zvakaita kuti nyika idzi dzirege kuva kwadzo dzoga. Muzana remakore rechi16, dzimwe nhenda dzaitouraya kudarika denda iri dzakapedza vakawanda munyika dzokuAmerica.

Chibhokisi Chinokurira America

Columbus paakasvika kuWest Indies muna 1492, akarondedzera vanhu veko sevaiva ‘nemiviri yaiyevedza yairatidzika zvakaisvonaka uye vaiva vakareba zviri pakati nepakati vaine miviri yakasimba.’ Zvisinei, miviri yavo yakagwinya yairatidzika seisingabatwi nezvirwere zvokuEurope.

Muna 1518 chibhokisi chakamuka pachitsuwa cheHispaniola. Vanhu vokuAmerica vakanga vasina kumbobvira varwara nechibhokisi, uye mugumisiro wacho waiva nengozi kwazvo. Mumwe munhu wokuSpain akaona izvi akafungidzira kuti vanhu vanenge chiuru chimwe bedzi ndivo vakapona pachitsuwa chacho. Denda racho rakapararira nokukurumidza richienda kuMexico nePeru, richiparadza saizvozvo.

Zana remakore rakatevera racho, apo Vapambepfumi vakasvika munzvimbo yeMassachusetts iri kuNorth America, vakawana kuti chibhokisi chakanga chatsvaira vanenge vagari vose venyika yacho. “Vanenge vagari vomuno vose vakafa nechibhokisi,” akanyora kudaro mutungamiriri weVapambepfumi ainzi John Winthrop.

Dzimwe hosha dzakazouya pashure pechibhokisi. Maererano nerimwe bhuku, pakazosvika zana remakore pashure pokunge Columbus asvika, zvirwere zvakabva kune dzimwe nyika zvakanga zvatsvaira vagari vomunyika dzokuAmerica vanenge 90 muzana. Vagari vomunyika yeMexico vakanga vaderera kubva pamamiriyoni 30 kusvika pamamiriyoni matatu, vePeru kubva pamamiriyoni masere kusvika pamiriyoni imwe. Vagari vokuAmerica, zvechokwadi havasi ivo voga vakaurayiwa nechibhokisi. “Munhoroondo yose yevanhu, chibhokisi chakauraya mazana emamiriyoni evanhu, kupfuura denda nokure . . . uye hondo dzose dzomuzana remakore rechi20 dzabatanidzwa,” rinodaro bhuku rinonzi Scourge—The Once and Future Threat of Smallpox.

Hondo Yacho Haisati Yakundwa

Mazuva ano, nhenda dzinotyisa dzechibhokisi dzingaratidzika senjodzi dzakatokanganikwa dzakaitika kare. Mukati mezana remakore rechi20, vanhu vakakunda hondo dzakawanda pakurwisa zvirwere zvinopomeranwa, zvikurukuru munyika dzakasimukira. Vanachiremba vakawana zvinokonzera zvirwere zvakawanda, uye vakawanawo nzira dzokuzvikunda. (Ona bhokisi riri pasi apa.) Majekiseni matsva enhomba nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya zvairatidzika semabara anokwanisa kuparadza kunyange zvirwere zvine nharo.

 Zvisinei, seizvo Dr. Richard Krause, aichimbova mutungamiriri weNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases kuUnited States, anotaura kuti, “nhenda hadzitiziki sezvinongoita rufu nemitero.” TB nemarariya hazvisati zvaenda. Uye kupararira kweAIDS kwazvino uno kwakapa chiyeuchidzo chokuti denda richiripo munyika. “Zvirwere zvinotapukira zvichava zvirizvo zvinonyanya kukonzera rufu munyika, zvicharamba zvakadaro kwenguva refu iri kuuya,” rinodaro bhuku rinonzi Man and Microbes.

Vamwe vanachiremba vanotyira kuti pasinei nokufambira mberi kunoshamisa mukurwisa zvirwere, kubudirira kwemakore mashomanana apfuura kungangodaro kuri kwenguva pfupi. “Ngozi inoparirwa nezvirwere zvinotapukira haisati yapera—iri kuwedzera,” anonyevera kudaro Robert Shope nyanzvi yezvenhenda. Nyaya inotevera ichatsanangura kuti nei.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 21]

Mumakumi maviri emakore uwandu hwevaifa neAIDS hwakatanga kufanana nohuya hwevakafa nedenda rakapararira muEurasia muzana remakore rechi14

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 22]

Ruzivo Ruchisiyaniswa Nokudavira Mashura

Muzana remakore rechi14, apo denda reBlack Death rakabata veimba yapapa muAvignon, chiremba wake akamuudza kuti kuva mumutsetse mumwe kwenyika nhatu dzomuchadenga—Saturn, Jupiter, uye Mars—muchiratidzo chouzivi hwenyeredzi chinonzi Aquarius ndiko kwakanga kwanyanya kukonzera denda racho.

Papera makore anenge mazana mana, George Washington akaenda kunorara achirwadziwa nepahuro. Vanachiremba vatatu vakakurumbira vakarapa chirwere chacho nokubudisa marita anenge maviri eropa mutsinga dzake. Mumaawa mashomanana murwere wacho akanga afa. Kubudisa ropa mutsinga yaiva nzira yokurapa iyo yaishandiswa kwemakore 2 500—kubvira panguva yaHippocrates kusvikira pakati pezana remakore rechi19.

Kunyange zvazvo zvemashiripiti netsika zvakadzorera shure kufambira mberi kwezvokurapa, vanachiremba vakazvipira vakashanda nesimba kuti vawane zvaikonzera zvirwere zvaitapukira uye mishonga yazvo. Pasi apa pane dzimwe nzira shomanana dzinokosha dzokufambira mberi kwavakaita.

▪ Chibhokisi. Muna 1798, Edward Jenner akabudirira kugadzira jekiseni rechibhokisi. Muzana remakore rechi20, majekiseni akabatsira chaizvo kudzivirira zvimwe zvirwere zvakadai seporiyo, yellow fever, negwirikwiti.

▪ Tibhii. Muna 1882, Robert Koch akawana mabhakitiriya anokonzera tibhii uye akatanga nzira yokurapa nayo chirwere chacho. Kwapera makore anenge 60, streptomycin, mushonga unorwisa mabhakitiriya unoshanda kurapa tibhii wakawanikwa. Mushonga uyu wakashandawo kurapa denda rebubonic.

▪ Marariya. Kubvira muzana remakore rechi17 zvichienda mberi, quinine—yaiwanikwa pamakwati omuti unonzi cinchona—yakaponesa mamiriyoni airwara nemarariya. Muna 1897, Ronald Ross akaziva kuti umhutu hunonzi Anopheles ndihwo hwaitakura chirwere chacho, uye kwapera nguva yakati kuderedza kuwanda kwoumhutu kwakasimudzirwa kuitira kuderedza kuwanda kwevanhu vanofa munyika dzinonaya mvura zvikuru.

[Mifananidzo]

Chati yeZodiac (pamusoro) uye kubudisa ropa mutsinga

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Zvose: Biblioteca Histórica “Marqués de Valdecilla”

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 19]

Nhasi, utachiona hwetibhii huri kudzokazve huri kuuraya vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni maviri gore roga roga

[Kwazvakatorwa]

X ray: New Jersey Medical School–National Tuberculosis Center; murume: Mufananidzo: WHO/Thierry Falise

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 20]

Mufananidzo wokuGermany wokuma1500, unoratidza chiremba akapfeka masiki kuti azvidzivirire padenda re“Black Death.” Muromo weshiri wacho waiva nepefiyumu

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Godo-Foto

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 20]

Mabhakitiriya akakonzera denda re“bubonic”

[Kwazvakatorwa]

© Gary Gaugler/Visuals Unlimited