Christophe Plantin yari ku isonga mu gucapa Bibiliya

JOHANNES GUTENBERG (wabayeho ahagana mu mwaka wa 1397-1468) azwiho kuba yaracapye Bibiliya ya mbere akoresheje inyuguti zikozwe mu twuma batondekaga bakandika amagambo. Icyakora, abantu bazi Christophe Plantin ni bake. Ni we muntu wa mbere wacapaga ibitabo wagize uruhare rukomeye mu gutuma abaturage bo hirya no hino ku isi babona ibitabo hamwe na Bibiliya mu myaka ya 1500.

Christophe Plantin yavukiye i Saint-Avertin, mu Bufaransa, ahagana mu mwaka wa 1520. Kubera ko yifuzaga kuba ahantu abantu bashoboraga kwihanganira imyizerere itandukanye kandi haboneka amafaranga kurusha mu Bufaransa, yagiye gutura i Anvers muri Pays-Bas * ubwo yari afite imyaka nka 28.

Plantin yatangiye umwuga we ateranya ibitabo, agakora n’ibindi bintu mu mpu. Abakire bakundaga cyane ibintu yakoraga mu mpu byabaga biteye amabara meza. Icyakora, mu mwaka wa 1555, Plantin yagize ingorane yatumye ahindura umwuga yakoraga. Igihe yari mu nzira ashyiriye Umwami Philippe wa II wa Hisipaniya wategekaga Pays-Bas agasanduku gakozwe mu ruhu yari yaramusabye kumukorera, yaguye mu gico cy’abagizi ba nabi mu muhanda w’i Anvers. Hari abagabo bari basinze bamuteye inkota mu rutugu. Nubwo Plantin yaje gukira icyo gikomere, ntiyashoboraga gukora imirimo y’amaboko iruhije. Ibyo rero byatumye areka uwo murimo. Yatangiye umwuga wo gucapa ibitabo abifashijwemo n’inkunga y’amafaranga yahawe na Hendrik Niclaes, wari umukuru w’Abanabatisita.

“Umurimo no kwihangana”

Plantin yise icapiro rye De Gulden Passer (incaruziga ya zahabu). Yari afite icyapa gishushanyijeho incaruziga iherekejwe n’amagambo ngo “Labore et Constantia,” bisobanurwa ngo “umurimo no kwihangana.” Icyo cyapa ni cyo cyari gikwiriye kuranga uwo mugabo wakundaga umurimo cyane.

Kubera ko Plantin yabayeho mu gihe u Burayi bwarimo umuvurungano mwinshi wari ushingiye ku madini no kuri politiki, yagerageje kwirinda ibibazo. Kuri we, umurimo wo gucapa ibitabo ni wo wari ufite agaciro kurusha indi yose. Nubwo yari ashyigikiye Ivugurura ry’Abaporotesitanti, umwanditsi witwa Maurits Sabbe yaravuze ati “ntiyigeze agaragaza idini abogamiyeho.” Kubera iyo mpamvu, abantu bahwihwisaga ko Plantin yacapaga ibitabo byigisha ubuhakanyi. Urugero, mu mwaka wa 1562, byabaye ngombwa ko ahungira i Paris, amarayo igihe kirenga umwaka.

Ubwo Plantin yagarukaga i Anvers mu mwaka wa 1563, yatangiye gufatanya n’abacuruzi bakize, benshi muri bo bakaba bari bazwiho kwemera inyigisho za Calvin. Mu myaka itanu bamaze bafatanyije, imashini za Plantin zacapye ibitabo bitandukanye 260. Muri byo harimo Bibiliya zanditse mu Giheburayo, mu Kigiriki no mu Kilatini hamwe n’izindi Bibiliya zisize zahabu cyangwa ifeza cyangwa se zifite amabara meza, urugero nk’iyitwa Dutch Catholic Louvain Bible.

“Igikorwa cyo gucapa cy’ingenzi kurusha ibindi”

Mu mwaka wa 1567, igihe ibikorwa byo kurwanya ubutegetsi bwa Hisipaniya byagendaga byiyongera muri Pays-Bas, Umwami Philippe wa II wa Hisipaniya yohereje uwari Igikomangoma cya Albe kugira ngo ajye gutegeka muri Pays-Bas. Kubera ko yari yahawe n’umwami ububasha busesuye, yakoze ibishoboka byose ahosha ubwigomeke bw’Abaporotesitanti bwagendaga bwiyongera. Bityo rero, Plantin yatangiye umushinga ukomeye cyane yizeraga ko wari gutuma abantu badakomeza kumukekaho  ubuhakanyi. Yifuzaga cyane gucapa Bibiliya ikoranywe ubuhanga ikubiyemo imyandiko iri mu ndimi z’umwimerere. Kugira ngo Plantin ashobore gusohora iyo Bibiliya nshya, Philippe wa II yamuteye inkunga. Umwami yamusezeranyije inkunga y’amafaranga kandi yohereza Arias Montano, umuntu wari uzwi cyane waharaniraga kugarura filozofiya, ubwenge n’umuco by’Abagiriki n’Abaroma ba kera, kugira ngo agenzure uwo mushinga.

Montano yari afite impano yo kumenya indimi kandi yakoraga amasaha 11 ku munsi. Yari yungirijwe n’abahanga mu by’indimi: uwo muri Hisipaniya, uwo mu Bubiligi n’uwo mu Bufaransa. Intego yabo yari iyo gutegura Bibiliya yari izwi cyane yitwa Bibiliya y’i Complutum, * ariko noneho ivuguruye. Uretse kuba Bibiliya y’i Complutum Plantin yavuguruye yari irimo umwandiko w’Ikilatini witwa Vulgate, uw’Ikigiriki witwa Septante, n’uw’umwimerere w’Igiheburayo, harimo n’umwandiko w’Icyarameyi witwa Targum n’uw’Igisiriya witwa Peshitta hamwe n’ubuhinduzi bw’Ikilatini bwa buri mwandiko, bwakozwe ijambo ku rindi.

Imirimo yo kuyicapa yatangiye mu mwaka wa 1568. Ako kazi katoroshye karangiye mu wa 1573. Urebye uko akazi kakorwaga icyo gihe, uwo murimo warihuse cyane. Mu ibaruwa Montano yandikiye Umwami Philippe wa II, yaravuze ati “imirimo ikorerwa hano mu kwezi iruta ikorerwa i Roma mu mwaka.” Plantin yacapye kopi 1.213 z’iyo Bibiliya irimo indimi nyinshi yari imaze kuvugururwa, buri kopi ikaba yari igizwe n’imibumbe minini umunani. Ku rupapuro rubanza ruba rwanditseho umutwe w’igitabo hari hashushanyijeho intare, ikimasa, isega n’umwana w’intama birishanya mu mahoro, iyo shusho ikaba igaragaza ibivugwa muri Yesaya 65:25. Mu gihe impapuro z’iyo Bibiliya zabaga zitarakorwamo igitabo, zagurwaga amafaranga 70 yakoreshwaga icyo gihe yitwa Florin, ayo mafaranga akaba yari menshi cyane kubera ko umuryango washoboraga kwinjiza  50 gusa ku mwaka. Iyo Bibiliya yose uko yakabaye yaje kwitwa Bibiliya y’i Anvers irimo indimi nyinshi. Nanone yitwaga Biblia Regia (Bibiliya y’umwami) kubera ko Umwami Philippe wa II ari we watanze amafaranga yo kuyicapa.

Nubwo Papa Grégoire wa XIII yemeye iyo Bibiliya, icyo gitabo cyatumye Arias Montano avugwa nabi cyane. Impamvu imwe yabiteye ni uko Montano yabonaga ko umwandiko w’umwimerere w’Igiheburayo urusha agaciro uw’Ikilatini witwa Vulgate. Uwamurwanyaga kurusha abandi yari León de Castro, umuhanga mu bya tewolojiya wo muri Hisipaniya, wabonaga ko Bibiliya yitwa Vulgate ari yo yonyine abantu bagombaga kwiringira. De Castro yaregaga Montano ko yangizaga uwo mwandiko awushyiramo filozofiya irwanya inyigisho y’Ubutatu. Urugero, de Castro yagaragaje by’umwihariko ko mu mwandiko w’Igisiriya witwa Peshitta, muri 1 Yohana 5:7 hatarimo amagambo y’ibinyoma yongewemo agira ati “mu ijuru, [hariyo] Data, Jambo n’Umwuka Wera: kandi bose uko ari batatu ni umwe” (King James Version). Icyakora, urukiko rwa Kiliziya rwo muri Hisipaniya rwaciraga imanza abataremeraga inyigisho zayo, rwafashe umwanzuro w’uko Montano atari umuhakanyi. Bamwe babona ko gucapa Bibiliya y’i Anvers irimo indimi nyinshi “ari cyo gikorwa cyo gucapa cy’ingenzi kurusha ibindi umuntu yikoreye ku giti cye mu kinyejana cya 16.”

Yatanze ubufasha burambye

Abenshi mu bantu bakoraga umwuga wo gucapa ibitabo icyo gihe, babaga bafite imashini zicapa ebyiri cyangwa eshatu gusa. Icyakora, igihe Plantin yari amaze kugera ku ntera yo gucapa ibintu byinshi, yari afite imashini zitari hasi ya 22 n’abakozi batari hasi ya 160. Mu bihugu byose byakoreshaga ururimi rw’Igihisipaniya, abantu bemeraga ko Plantin ari we muntu wari ku isonga mu bacapaga ibitabo.

Hagati aho, kurwanya ubutegetsi bwa Hisipaniya muri Pays-Bas byakajije umurego. Ubwo rero Anvers yaje kuberamo imvururu. Mu mwaka wa 1576, abacancuro bo muri Hisipaniya batari barahawe imishahara yabo, barigaragambije basahura uwo mujyi. Amazu arenga 600 yaratwitswe, abaturage b’i Anvers babarirwa mu bihumbi baricwa n’abacuruzi bahunga uwo mujyi. Birumvikana ko ibyo byatumye Plantin atakaza amafaranga menshi. Byongeye kandi, yahatiwe guha abigaragambyaga umusanzu w’amafaranga menshi.

Mu mwaka wa 1583, Plantin yimukiye i Leyde, umujyi uri ku birometero 100 mu majyaruguru ya Anvers. Aho ni ho yashinze icapiro kandi ahabwa inshingano yo kujya acapira Kaminuza y’i Leyde, yari yarashinzwe n’Abaporotesitanti bagenderaga ku nyigisho za Calvin. Ubwo ni bwo bya birego bya kera Kiliziya Gatolika yamuregaga ivuga ko ari umuhakanyi byongeye kuzamuka. Ubwo rero, Plantin yasubiye i Anvers mu mpera z’umwaka wa 1585, nyuma y’igihe gito uwo mujyi wongeye kugenzurwa n’ubutegetsi bwa Hisipaniya. Icyo gihe Plantin yari afite imyaka iri hagati ya 60 na 70 kandi rya capiro rye yise Incaruziga ya Zahabu, ryari risigaranye abakozi bane bakoreshaga imashini icapa imwe. Plantin yatangiye gusana iryo capiro. Icyakora, ntiryigeze rimera nk’uko ryari rimeze mbere. Plantin yapfuye ku itariki ya 1 Nyakanga 1589.

Plantin yacapye ibitabo 1.863 bitandukanye mu gihe cy’imyaka 34, ni ukuvuga nibura ibitabo 55 buri mwaka. N’ubu icyo ni igikorwa gikomeye cyane ku muntu ucapa ku giti cye! Nubwo Plantin yirindaga kugira idini abogamiraho, umurimo we wateje imbere ibikorwa byo gucapa, kandi utuma abantu biga Ibyanditswe byahumetswe (2 Timoteyo 3:16). Mu by’ukuri, Plantin n’abandi bakoraga umwuga wo gucapa muri icyo gihe, bagize uruhare rukomeye cyane mu gutuma na ba rubanda rugufi batunga Bibiliya.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

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INZU NDANGARAMURAGE YISWE PLANTIN-MORETUS

Mu mwaka wa 1877, inzu yari mu mujyi wa Anvers aho Plantin n’abamukomokaho babaga bakanahakorera, yahindutse inzu ndangamurage. Nta rindi capiro ryo muri icyo gihe rikiriho. Muri iyo nzu ndangamurage harimo imashini eshanu zo gucapa zo mu kinyejana cya 17 n’icya 18. Harimo n’izindi ebyiri zishaje kurusha izindi zose zo ku isi, zabayeho kera mu gihe cya Plantin. Harimo utuntu 15.000 tumeze nk’uduforomo babumbiragamo amashusho y’inyuguti cyangwa imibare babaga bashaka gucapa, utubaho 15.000 dukorogoshoyeho amashusho, inyuguti cyangwa imibare, hamwe n’utwuma 3.000 dushashe dukozwe mu muringa, duharatuyeho amashusho y’ibyo babaga bashaka gucapa. Ububiko bwo muri iyo nzu ndangamurage burimo inyandiko 638 zandikishijwe intoki zo kuva mu kinyejana cya 9 kugeza mu cya 16, hamwe n’ibitabo 154 byacapwe mbere y’umwaka wa 1501. Muri byo harimo Bibiliya y’umwimerere ya Gutenberg yacapwe mbere y’umwaka wa 1461, hamwe na Bibiliya izwi cyane y’i Anvers irimo indimi nyinshi ya Plantin.

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Arias Montano

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Bililiya y’i Anvers irimo indimi nyinshi, irimo umwandiko w’Igiheburayo, umwandiko w’Ikilatini witwa “Vulgate,” uw’Ikigiriki witwa “Septante,” uw’Igisiriya witwa “Peshitta,” n’uw’Icyarameyi witwa Targum, n’ubuhinduzi bw’Ikilatini bwa buri mwandiko

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

By courtesy of Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen

[Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 15 yavuye]

Ayo mafoto yombi yatanzwe na Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen