Intambara yahinduye isura

INTAMBARA yamye irangwa n’ibikorwa bibi. Kuva kera yicaga abasirikare kandi igatera abasivili kubabara. Ariko muri iyi myaka ishize bwo, intambara yahinduye isura. Mu buhe buryo?

Ahanini intambara zo muri iki gihe zishyamiranya abenegihugu. Kandi akenshi, intambara z’abenegihugu zimara igihe kirekire cyane, zigatuma abantu barushaho guhahamuka, kandi zikarushaho gusenya ibihugu kuruta uko intambara zo hagati y’ibihugu n’ibindi zibikora. Hari umuhanga mu by’amateka wo muri Hisipaniya witwa Julián Casanova wagize ati “intambara z’abenegihugu zirangwa n’ubugome; ibikorwa bya gisirikare byazo bimena amaraso bituma hapfa abantu babarirwa mu bihumbi, abakobwa bagafatwa ku ngufu, abantu bagahatirwa guhunga, kandi akenshi yarushaho gukara cyane ikavamo itsembabwoko.” Koko rero, iyo ibikorwa by’agahomamunwa bikozwe n’abantu runaka babikorera abaturanyi babo, ibikomere byo mu mutima biterwa n’ibyo bikorwa bishobora gukira hashize igihe kirekire cyane.

Kuva Intambara yo Kurebana Igitsure yarangira, ugereranyije habaye intambara nkeya hagati y’ingabo z’ibihugu bitandukanye. Ikigo Mpuzamahanga cy’Ubushakashatsi ku Byerekeye Amahoro (SIPRI, mu magambo ahinnye y’Icyongereza) kiri i Stockholm cyagize kiti “uretse intambara eshatu gusa zikomeye mu zabaye mu myaka ya 1990-2000, izindi zose zari iz’abenegihugu.”

Ni iby’ukuri ko intambara z’abenegihugu zishobora gusa n’aho zidateje akaga kandi ibinyamakuru mpuzamahanga bishobora no kutirirwa bizivugaho, ariko kandi, imibabaro n’ibyangirika bitewe n’izo nzangano birahungabanya cyane. Hari abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni baziguyemo. Mu by’ukuri, mu myaka makumyabiri ishize, hafi miriyoni eshanu z’abantu baguye mu ntambara eshatu gusa zayogoje ibihugu bya Afuganisitani, Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo na Sudani. Mu karere ka Balkan, ubushyamirane bukaze bwabaye hagati y’amoko bwatumye hapfa abantu bagera ku 250.000; nanone intambara itarangira y’inyeshyamba muri Kolombiya yishe abantu bagera ku 100.000.

Urugomo ruba mu ntambara y’abenegihugu rugaragarira ku ngaruka igira cyane cyane ku bana. Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye Ryita ku Mpunzi (HCR) rivuga ko mu myaka icumi ishize, abana basaga miriyoni ebyiri baguye mu bushyamirane bw’abenegihugu. Abandi babarirwa muri miriyoni esheshatu barakomeretse. Umubare w’abana bagirwa abasirikare ukomeje kwiyongera. Hari umusirikare w’umwana wagize ati “bampaye imyitozo, bampaye imbunda, nanyoye ibiyobyabwenge, nishe abasivili, nishe benshi cyane. Nararwanaga gusa. . . Nakurikizaga amategeko nahabwaga gusa. Nari nzi ko ari bibi. Si byo jye nashakaga.”

Abana benshi baba mu bihugu intambara z’abenegihugu zabayemo akarande, bakura nta mahoro bigeze. Bibera mu bihugu aho amashuri yashenywe, aho abantu badahuzwa no kuganira ahubwo bahuzwa no kurwana. Uwitwa Dunja ufite imyaka 14 yagize ati “abantu benshi cyane barishwe. . . Ntushobora kongera kumva inyoni ziririmba, ahubwo amajwi y’abana barira babuze ababyeyi babo, bene nyina cyangwa bashiki babo, ni yo yonyine yumvikana.”

 Intambara ziterwa n’iki?

Ni iki gikongeza izo ntambara z’abenegihugu? Ibintu by’ingenzi bizitera ni urwangano ruba hagati y’amoko, kudahuza amadini, akarengane n’imvururu za politiki. Indi ntandaro y’intambara ni umururumba, ari wo utuma bagira inyota y’ubutegetsi n’umururumba w’amafaranga. Abategetsi, akenshi babitewe n’umururumba, benyegeza urwango rutuma intambara zikomeza. Raporo yatanzwe n’Ikigo Mpuzamahanga cy’Ubushakashatsi ku Byerekeye Amahoro ivuga ko abantu bivanga mu bushyamirane bwitwaje intwaro “babiterwa n’inyungu zabo bwite.” Iyo raporo yongeraho iti “umururumba ugaragarira mu bintu byinshi, uhereye ku bucuruzi bukomeye bwa diyama bukorwa n’abasirikare hamwe n’abayobozi ba politiki, ukageza ku bujura bwitwaje intwaro urubyiruko rukorera mu midugudu.”

Kuba intwaro zo mu ntoki zitagihenda na byo bituma abantu bapfa barushaho kwiyongera. Hafi abantu bagera ku 500.000 bapfa buri mwaka, abenshi bakaba ari abagore n’abana, bapfa bazize izo ntwaro bita izo mu ntoki. Mu gihugu kimwe cy’Afurika, imbunda yo mu bwoko bwa kalacinikovu (AK-47) ishobora kugurwa amafaranga agura isake! Ikibabaje, ni uko mu duce tumwe na tumwe usanga intwaro zarabaye nyinshi nk’inkoko. Ubu ku isi hose habarirwa intwaro zoroheje zigera kuri miriyoni 500, ni ukuvuga intwaro imwe ku bantu 12.

Mbese ubushyamirane bukaze bw’abenegihugu ni cyo kintu kizaranga ikinyejana cya 21? Mbese intambara z’abenegihugu zizarangira? Mbese hari igihe abantu bazareka kwicana? Ingingo ikurikira irasubiza ibyo bibazo.

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 4]

Ingaruka zibabaje z’intambara zishyamiranya abenegihugu

Mu ntambara z’abenegihugu zidakoreshwamo intwaro za karahabutaka ariko zikaba zihitana abantu, 90 ku ijana by’abamugazwa na zo ni abasivili aho kuba abarwana. Uwitwa Graça Machel, impuguke y’Umunyamabanga Mukuru w’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ku ngaruka intambara zigira ku bana, yagize ati “biragaragara ko incuro nyinshi intambara zitamugaza abana gusa ahubwo zinabica.”

Gufata abakobwa ku ngufu bisigaye ari amayeri abasirikare bakoresha. Mu duce tumwe na tumwe tuyogozwa n’intambara, inyeshyamba zifata abangavu bose zibonye mu midugudu zigaruriye. Zibafata zigamije guhahamura imiryango cyangwa gutuma iyo miryango itunga ubumwe.

Inzara n’indwara z’ibyorezo na byo ni bimwe mu ngaruka z’intambara. Intambara z’abenegihugu zituma hahingwa bike kandi hagasarurwa bike. Ibitaro bike ni byo bikora iyo na byo biramutse bibonetse, kandi imfashanyo nkeya ziturutse mu mahanga ni zo zonyine zigera ku bazahajwe n’izo ntambara. Ubushakashatsi bumwe bwakozwe ku ntambara y’abenegihugu muri Afurika, bwagaragaje ko 20 ku ijana by’abamugaye bicwa n’indwara z’ibyorezo kandi 78 ku ijana byabo bagahitanwa n’inzara. Babiri ku ijana ni bo bonyine bahitanwa n’intambara ubwayo.

Umuntu akoze mwayeni, muri buri minota 22 haba hari umuntu utakaje urugingo rw’umubiri we cyangwa se agapfa akandagiye mine. Igereranya ryakozwe rigaragaza ko mine ziri hagati ya miriyoni 60 na 70 zinyanyagiye hirya no hino mu bihugu bisaga 60.

Abantu bahatirwa kuva mu ngo zabo. Hirya no hino ku isi, hari abantu b’impunzi n’abavuye mu byabo ubu babarirwa muri miriyoni 50, icya kabiri cyabo akaba ari abana.

 [Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 2 yavuye]

COVER: Boy: Photo by Chris Hondros/Getty Images

[Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 3 yavuye]

Ifoto yatanzwe na Chris Hondros/Getty Images