Bibiliya yabaye ingirakamaro mu gihe cyahise no muri iki gihe

UMUGABO w’igikomerezwa wo muri Etiyopiya yasubiraga iwe avuye i Yerusalemu. Yanyuze mu butayu ari mu igare rye, akaba yaragendaga asoma mu ijwi riranguruye umuzingo warimo inyigisho zihereranye n’idini. Ibisobanuro yahawe byerekeranye n’amagambo yasomaga byamugizeho ingaruka zikomeye cyane, ku buryo byatumye agira ihinduka mu mibereho ye (Ibyakozwe 8:26-38). Uwo mugabo yagendaga asoma muri Yesaya 53:7, 8 yifashishije Bibiliya yahinduwe mbere  y’izindi zose, ni ukuvuga Bibiliya y’Ikigiriki yitwa Septante. Mu binyejana byahise, iyo Bibiliya yagize uruhare rukomeye cyane mu gutuma ubutumwa bwo mu Byanditswe bukwirakwizwa hose, ku buryo bayise ubuhinduzi bwa Bibiliya bwahinduye isi.

Ni ryari, kandi se ni iyihe mimerere yatumye hategurwa Bibiliya yitwa Septante? Kuki iyo Bibiliya yari ikenewe? Ni mu rugero rungana iki yabaye ingirakamaro mu binyejana byahise? Mbese, hari icyo iyo Bibiliya yatwigisha muri iki gihe?

Yateguriwe Abayahudi bavugaga Ikigiriki

Igihe Alexandre le Grand yageraga mu Misiri mu mwaka wa 332 M.I.C., amaze kurimbura imijyi ya Foyinike na Tiro, yakiriwe nk’umukiza. Aho ngaho, yahanze umujyi wa Alexandrie, aho abantu bo muri icyo gihe cya kera bajyaga kwihugurira. Kubera ko Alexandre yashakaga gukwirakwiza umuco wa Kigiriki mu bihugu yari yarigaruriye, aho yategekaga hose yahinjije ururimi rw’Ikigiriki rwavugwaga na rubanda rwa giseseka (cyangwa Koine).

Umujyi wa Alexandrie waje guturwa n’Abayahudi benshi mu kinyejana cya gatatu M.I.C. Nyuma y’aho Abayahudi baviriye mu bunyage i Babuloni, abenshi muri bo bari baragiye gutura mu turere two hirya no hino hanze ya Palesitina bimukiye muri Alexandrie. Abo Bayahudi bari bazi Igiheburayo mu rugero rungana iki? Igitabo kimwe cyagize kiti “birazwi neza ko nyuma y’aho Abayahudi baviriye mu bunyage i Babuloni, batari bakizi neza Igiheburayo cya kera, bakaba barabasobanuriraga mu rurimi rw’Abakaludaya amagambo yo mu bitabo bya Mose yasomwaga mu masinagogi yo muri Palesitina . . . Ndetse Abayahudi bo muri Alexandrie bo bashobora kuba bari bazi gike cyane kurushaho; bavugaga Ikigiriki cyo muri Alexandrie” (Cyclopedia, cyanditswe na McClintock na Strong). Uko bigaragara, imimerere yari muri Alexandrie yatumye biba ngombwa ko Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo bihindurwa bigashyirwa mu Kigiriki.

Umuyahudi witwa Aristobule wabayeho mu kinyejana cya kabiri M.I.C., yanditse ko bahinduye amategeko ya Giheburayo bayashyira mu Kigiriki, kandi ko uwo murimo warangiye mu gihe cy’ubutegetsi bwa Ptolémée Philadelphe (285-246 M.I.C.). Abantu batanga ibitekerezo bitandukanye ku bihereranye n’icyo Aristobule yise “amategeko.” Bamwe batekereza ko yerekezaga ku bitabo bitanu bya mbere bya Bibiliya byanditswe na Mose, abandi bakavuga ko ashobora kuba yarerekezaga ku Byanditswe bya Giheburayo byose uko byakabaye.

Uko byaba biri kose, inkuru za rubanda zivuga ko abahanga 72 b’Abayahudi ari bo bakoze ubwo buhinduzi bw’Ibyanditswe bwabanjirije ubundi bwose, bakaba barahinduye bavana mu Giheburayo bashyira mu Kigiriki. Nyuma y’aho, batangiye kuvuga ko ari abantu 70. Ni cyo cyatumye iyo Bibiliya bahinduye yitwa Septante, bivuga ngo “70,” kandi bayandika mu mubare w’Ikiromani LXX uhwanye na 70. Mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya kabiri M.I.C., ibitabo byose bigize Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo byashoboraga gusomwa mu Kigiriki. Bityo rero, izina Septante ryaje kwerekezwa ku Byanditswe bya Giheburayo byose uko byakabaye byahinduwe mu Kigiriki.

Yabaye ingirakamaro mu kinyejana cya mbere

Bibiliya yitwa Septante yakoreshejwe cyane n’Abayahudi bavugaga ururimi rw’Ikigiriki, mbere y’igihe cya Yesu Kristo n’intumwa ze, no mu gihe cye. Abayahudi benshi n’abanyamahanga bahindukiriye idini ry’Abayahudi bari bateraniye i Yerusalemu kuri Pentekote yo mu mwaka wa 33 I. C., bari baje baturutse muri Aziya, mu Misiri, muri Libiya, i Roma n’i Kirete, uturere twari dutuwemo n’abantu bavugaga Ikigiriki. Nta gushidikanya ko bari bamenyereye gusoma muri Septante (Ibyakozwe 2:9-11). Bityo rero, iyo Bibiliya yagize uruhare rukomeye mu gutuma ubutumwa bwiza bukwirakwira hose mu kinyejana cya mbere.

Urugero, igihe umwigishwa Sitefano yavuganaga n’Abanyakurene, Abanyalekizanderiya, Abanyakilikiya n’Abanyaziya, yarababwiye ati “Yosefu atumira se Yakobo na bene wabo bose [bari i Kanaani], bari mirongo irindwi na batanu” (Ibyakozwe 6:8-10; 7:12-14). Mu Itangiriro igice cya 46, inyandiko y’Igiheburayo igaragaza ko bene wabo wa Yozefu bose hamwe bari mirongo irindwi. Ariko Bibiliya ya Septante ivuga ko bari mirongo irindwi na batanu. Uko bigaragara, Sitefano yavuze uwo mubare awuvanye muri Bibiliya ya Septante.—Itangiriro 46:20, 26, 27.

Igihe intumwa Pawulo yajyaga mu rugendo rwe rwa kabiri n’urwa gatatu rw’ubumisiyonari,  yazengurutse muri Aziya Ntoya no mu Bugiriki, abwiriza Abanyamahanga benshi batinyaga Imana n’ ‘Abagiriki bubahaga Imana’ (Ibyakozwe 13:16, 26; 17:4). Abo bantu baje kuba mu mubare w’abatinya Imana cyangwa abayisenga bitewe n’uko bari barayimenye mu buryo runaka binyuriye kuri Septante. Igihe Pawulo yabwirizaga abo bantu bavugaga Ikigiriki, incuro nyinshi yasubiragamo amagambo yo muri iyo Bibiliya cyangwa akayerekezaho mu bundi buryo.—Itangiriro 22:18; Abagalatiya 3:8.

Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki bya Gikristo bikubiyemo imirongo y’Ibyanditswe 320 yandukuwe mu buryo butaziguye ivanywe mu Byanditswe bya Giheburayo, kandi imirongo yose hamwe bagiye berekezaho bihitira gusa ishobora kuba igera kuri 890. Imyinshi muri yo yavanywe muri Septante. Ingaruka zabaye iz’uko imirongo yandukuwe ivanywe muri ubwo buhinduzi, aho kuyivana mu nyandiko y’Igiheburayo yandikishijwe intoki, yaje gushyirwa mu Byanditswe bya Kigiriki bya Gikristo byahumetswe. Mbega ukuntu icyo cyari ikintu cy’ingenzi! Yesu yahanuye ko ubutumwa bwiza bw’Ubwami bwari kuzabwirizwa ku isi hose (Matayo 24:14). Kugira ngo ibyo bishoboke, Yehova yari gutuma Ijambo rye ryahumetswe rihindurwa mu ndimi zinyuranye zivugwa n’abatuye ku isi hose.

Ni ingirakamaro muri iki gihe

Na n’ubu ubuhinduzi bwa Septante ni ingirakamaro, kandi bugira uruhare mu gutuma amakosa abandukuzi bagiye bashyira mu nyandiko za nyuma za Giheburayo zandikishijwe intoki atahurwa. Urugero, inkuru yo mu Itangiriro 4:8 igira iti “Kayini abwira murumuna we Abeli, ati ‘tujyane mu mirima.’ Nuko igihe bari mu mirima, Kayini asimbukira murumuna we Abeli maze aramwica.”—Bibiliya Ntagatifu.

Amagambo ngo “tujyane mu mirima” nta hantu na hamwe aboneka mu nyandiko za Giheburayo zandikishijwe intoki zo mu kinyejana cya cumi I.C. Nyamara kandi, aboneka mu nyandiko za kera za Septante zandikishijwe intoki no mu zindi nyandiko nke za kera. Izo nyandiko za Giheburayo zirimo amagambo atangira, ariko akurikiraho akaba atarimo. Byaba byaragenze bite? Mu Itangiriro 4:8 (Bibiliya Ntagatifu) harimo interuro ebyiri zikurikirana zashojwe n’amagambo ngo “mu mirima.” Hari igitabo cyagize kiti “Umuheburayo wandukuraga Ibyanditswe ashobora kuba yarashutswe n’amagambo [ahuje] . . . aboneka mu nteruro zombi” (Cyclopedia, cyanditswe na McClintock na Strong). Ku bw’ibyo, umwandukuzi ashobora kuba yarasimbutse amagambo ngo “tujyane mu mirima,” ntayavuge mu nteruro ibanza. Biragaragara rero ko Bibiliya ya Septante, kimwe n’izindi nyandiko za kera zandikishijwe intoki zikiriho muri iki gihe, bishobora kugira uruhare mu gutuma amakosa yashyizwe mu nyandiko y’Igiheburayo yakozwe nyuma atahurwa.

Ariko kandi, ubuhinduzi bwa Septante na bwo si shyashya, kubera ko hari aho inyandiko y’Igiheburayo yifashishwa mu gukosora inyandiko y’Ikigiriki. Ku bw’ibyo, amakosa yakozwe mu guhindura Ibyanditswe hamwe n’ukwibeshya kw’abandukuzi bishobora gukosorwa binyuriye mu kugereranya inyandiko z’Igiheburayo zandikishijwe intoki n’inyandiko y’Ikigiriki, hamwe n’izindi Bibiliya, maze bikaduha icyizere cy’uko Ijambo ry’Imana ryahinduwe mu buryo nyakuri.

Inyandiko zuzuye za Septante ziboneka muri iki gihe, ni izo mu kinyejana cya kane I.C. Izo nyandiko zandikishijwe intoki n’izindi zakozwe nyuma y’aho ntizigaragaramo izina ry’Imana, ari ryo Yehova, ryandikwa mu nyuguti enye z’Igiheburayo (YHWH). Izo nyandiko zashyize amazina y’Ikigiriki yahinduwemo “Imana” cyangwa “Umwami” ahantu hose izo nyuguti enye zagaragaraga mu nyandiko y’Igiheburayo. Ariko kandi, ibintu byavumbuwe muri Palesitina mu wa 1961 byatumye ibintu bijya ahabona. Hari ikipi y’abacukumbuzi yagiye mu buvumo buri mu matongo y’i Qumran maze ivumburamo ibice by’umuzingo wa kera wari ukozwe mu ruhu, bikaba byari birimo inyandiko z’abahanuzi 12 (kuva kuri Hoseya kugeza kuri Malaki) zari ziri mu Kigiriki. Izo nyandiko zanditswe hagati y’umwaka wa 50 M.I.C., n’uwa 50 I.C. Muri ibyo bice by’inyandiko za kera, za nyuguti enye ntizigeze zisimbuzwa amazina y’Ikigiriki yahinduwemo “Imana” cyangwa “Umwami.” Icyo ni igihamya kigaragaza ko mu buhinduzi bwa mbere bwa Septante hari harimo izina ry’Imana.

Hari ibice by’imizingo ya kera yanditswe ku mfunzo byasohowe mu mwaka wa 1971 (byitwa Fouad 266 Papyri). Ibyo bice bya Bibiliya ya Septante, byanditswe mu kinyejana cya kabiri cyangwa mu cya mbere M.I.C. byagaragaje iki? Na byo byari bikubiyemo izina ry’Imana. Ibyo bice bya  mbere bya Septante ni igihamya gikomeye kigaragaza ko Yesu n’abigishwa be bo mu kinyejana cya mbere bari bazi kandi bakoreshaga izina ry’Imana.

Kugeza ubu, Bibiliya ni cyo gitabo cyahinduwe mu ndimi nyinshi cyane kurusha ibindi byose mu mateka. Abantu basaga 90 ku ijana nibura bashobora kubona igice cyayo mu rurimi rwabo. Mu buryo bwihariye, twishimira kuba dufite Bibiliya nyakuri yahinduwe hakurikijwe ururimi ruhuje n’igihe tugezemo, ari yo New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, ubu iboneka yose uko yakabaye cyangwa ibice byayo mu ndimi zisaga 40. Bibiliya ya New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures—With References ifite ibisobanuro biri ahagana hasi ku ipaji bibarirwa mu magana, byerekeza kuri Bibiliya ya Septante cyangwa ku zindi nyandiko za kera zandikishijwe intoki. Ni koko, Bibiliya ya Septante yakomeje gushishikaza no kuba ingirakamaro ku bigishwa ba Bibiliya bo muri iki gihe.

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 26]

Umwigishwa Filipo yasobanuye umurongo w’Ibyanditswe wavanywe muri “Septante”

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 29]

Incuro nyinshi, intumwa Pawulo yasubiraga mu magambo yo muri “Septante”