1. Fotokozani zimene zinachitika pamene Yerusalemu ankawonongedwa.

M’CHAKA cha 607 B.C.E., asilikali a Babulo motsogoleredwa ndi Mfumu Nebukadinezara Yachiwiri anapita kukawononga mzinda wa Yerusalemu. Pofotokoza zimene zinachitika, Baibulo limati: “[Mfumu Nebukadinezara] inapha anyamata awo ndi lupanga m’nyumba yopatulika. Sinachitire chisoni mnyamata kapena namwali, wachikulire kapena nkhalamba yotheratu. . . . Inatentha nyumba ya Mulungu woona ndi kugwetsa mpanda wa Yerusalemu. Ababulowo anatenthanso ndi moto nyumba zonse zokhala ndi mipanda yolimba kwambiri za mzindawo ndi zinthu zake zonse zabwinozabwino, mpaka zonse zinawonongedwa.”—2 Mbiri 36:17, 19.

2. Kodi Yehova anapereka chenjezo lotani, ndipo anati n’chiyani chidzachitikire Ayuda?

² Anthu okhala mu Yerusalemu sankayenera kudabwa pamene mzindawo unawonongedwa. Kwa zaka zambiri, aneneri a Mulungu anali atachenjeza Ayuda kuti akapanda kumvera Yehova, Ababulo adzawatenga n’kupita nawo ku ukapolo. Aneneriwo anafotokoza  kuti Ayuda ambiri adzaphedwa ndi lupanga ndipo amene adzapulumuke adzakhala ku ukapolo kwa moyo wonse. (Yer. 15:2) Kodi zinthu zinali bwanji kwa Ayuda amene anapita ku ukapolowo? Kodi zimene zinachitikira Ayudazi zinachitikiranso Akhristu? Nanga zinachitika liti?

3. Kodi ukapolo wa ku Babulo unali wosiyana bwanji ndi ukapolo wa ku Iguputo?

³ Zimene aneneri analoserazi zinachitikadi. Koma kudzera mwa Yeremiya Yehova anauza Ayudawo kuti angovomereza zimene zinawachitikirazo n’kumakhala mumzinda wa Babulo. Anati: “Mangani nyumba ndi kukhalamo. Limani minda ndi kudya zipatso zake. Komanso mzinda umene ndakuchititsani kukhalamo monga akapolo, muziufunira mtendere. Muziupempherera kwa Yehova, pakuti mzindawo ukakhala pa mtendere inunso mudzakhala pa mtendere.” (Yer. 29:5, 7) Choncho Ayuda amene anamvera zimene Yehova anawauzazi, ankakhala bwinobwino ku Babuloko. Ababulo ankawalola kuti aziyenda mwaufulu komanso kuti azichita okha zinthu zina. Mumzinda wa Babulo munkachitika malonda osiyanasiyana. Ndipo zimene anthu ofukula zinthu zakale anapeza zimasonyeza kuti Ayuda ambiri anaphunzira ntchito zamanja komanso kuchita bizinezi ndipo ena analemera. Choncho Ayudawa ankakhala bwino ku Babulo kusiyana ndi mmene Aisiraeli ankakhalira ku Iguputo pamene anali akapolo.—Werengani Ekisodo 2:23-25.

4. Kodi ena mwa Ayuda amene anali ku ukapolo anali ndani, ndipo panali mavuto ati amene ankawalepheretsa kuti azilambira Yehova bwinobwino?

⁴ Kodi zinthu zinali bwanji kwa Ayudawo pa nkhani yokhudza kulambira? Musaiwale kuti kachisi ndi guwa la nsembe zinali zitawonongedwa ndipo ansembe sankagwiranso ntchito yawo mwadongosolo. Koma ena mwa Ayuda amene anali ku ukapolowo anali atumiki a Mulungu okhulupirika ndipo anangopezeka ku ukapolo chifukwa choti mtundu wawo unachimwa. Anthu amenewa ankayesetsa kutsatira Chilamulo cha Mulungu. Mwachitsanzo, panali Danieli, Sadirake, Mesake ndi Abedinego amene anakana kudya zakudya zoletsedwa m’Chilamulo. Komanso Danieli anapitirizabe kumapemphera kwa Mulungu. (Dan. 1:8; 6:10) Komabe popeza anthuwa ankalamuliridwa ndi boma la anthu osalambira Mulungu, zinali zosatheka kuti azitsatira zinthu zonse za m’Chilamulo.

5. Kodi Yehova analonjeza zotani anthu ake, ndipo n’chifukwa chiyani zimenezi zinali zochititsa chidwi?

⁵ Kodi zikanatheka kuti Aisiraeli adzalambirenso Mulungu bwinobwino? Pa nthawiyo zinkaoneka ngati zosatheka. Tikutero chifukwa chakuti malamulo a Ababulo sankalola kumasula akapolo. Komatu Yehova sakanalephera kuchita zimene akufuna chifukwa cha malamulo a Ababulowo. Iye anali atalonjeza anthu akewo kuti adzawamasula ku ukapolo. Zimenezi sizikanalephereka chifukwa Mawu a Mulungu amakwaniritsidwa.—Yes. 55:11.

6, 7. N’chifukwa chiyani tiyenera kusintha zimene tinkafotokoza pa nkhani ya ukapolo wa Babulo Wamkulu?

⁶ Kodi Akhristu nawonso anali mu ukapolo wa Babulo Wamkulu? Kwa zaka zambiri, magazini ya Nsanja ya Olonda yakhala ikufotokoza kuti anthu a Mulungu analowa mu ukapolo wa Babulo Wamkulu mu 1918 n’kumasulidwa mu 1919. Koma zikuoneka kuti m’pofunika kusintha zimene tinkafotokozazi ndipo zifukwa zake tikambirana munkhaniyi komanso yotsatira.

⁷ Mwachitsanzo: Timadziwa kuti mawu oti  Babulo Wamkulu amaimira zipembedzo zonyenga zonse. Koma anthu a Mulungu sanalowe mu ukapolo wa zipembedzozi mu 1918. N’zoona kuti odzozedwa ankazunzidwa pa nthawiyi koma amene ankawazunza ndi andale osati zipembedzo zonyenga. Ndipo nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse isanayambe, atumiki a Mulungu anali atayamba kale kuchita zinthu mosiyana ndi zipembedzo zonyenga. Choncho tingati mu 1918 iwo ankamasuka mu ukapolo wa Babulo Wamkulu.

8. Kodi chinachitika n’chiyani atumwi onse atamwalira? (Onani chithunzi patsamba 21.)

⁸ Pa Pentekosite wa mu 33 C.E., Ayuda ambiri komanso anthu omwe sanali Ayuda anadzozedwa ndi mzimu woyera. Akhristu atsopanowa anakhala “fuko losankhidwa mwapadera, ansembe achifumu, mtundu woyera, anthu odzakhala chuma chapadera.” (Werengani 1 Petulo 2:9, 10.) Atumwi ndi amene ankatsogolera mipingo. Koma atumwi onse atamwalira anthu ena anayamba kulankhula “zinthu zopotoka” n’cholinga choti “apatutse ophunzira aziwatsatira.” (Mac. 20:30; 2 Ates. 2:6-8) Ambiri mwa anthuwa anali ndi maudindo mumpingo ndipo kenako anadzakhala “mabishopu.” Apa m’pamene panayambira magulu a atsogoleri achipembedzo ngakhale kuti Yesu anali atauza otsatira ake kuti: “Nonsenu ndinu abale.” (Mat. 23:8) Koma anthu amenewa ankakonda nzeru za Aristotle ndi Plato ndipo ankaphunzitsa zinthu zabodza. Patapita nthawi, izi zinachititsa kuti anthu asamaphunzirenso mfundo zolondola za m’Mawu a Mulungu.

9. Kodi chinachitika n’chiyani kuti boma la Roma ligwirizane ndi Akhristu ampatuko, nanga zotsatira zake zinali zotani?

⁹ M’chaka cha 313 C.E., mfumu ina ya Aroma dzina lake Constantine inapangitsa kuti chipembedzo chophunzitsa zabodzachi chikhale chovomerezeka ndi boma. Ndiyeno matchalitchi anayamba kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi boma la Roma. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi ina Constantine anachititsa msonkhano wa atsogoleri achipembedzo. Msonkhanowo utatha, iye anathamangitsa m’dzikolo wansembe wina dzina lake Arius chifukwa choti anakana kuvomereza kuti Yesu ndi Mulungu. Patapita nthawi, Theodosius anakhala mfumu ya Aroma ndipo tchalitchi cha Katolika chinakhala chipembedzo chachikulu mu ufumu wa Roma. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amanena kuti Aroma anayamba kudzitchula kuti ndi Akhristu mu ulamuliro wa Mfumu Theodosius. Koma zoona n’zakuti pa nthawiyi, Akhristu ampatuko anali atayamba kutsatira ziphunzitso zachikunja choncho anali mbali ya Babulo Wamkulu. Komabe panali Akhristu odzozedwa okhulupirika omwe anali ngati tirigu amene Yesu anatchula. Akhristu okhulupirikawa ankayesetsa kulambira Mulungu koma anthu sankamvetsera zimene ankaphunzitsa. (Werengani Mateyu 13:24, 25, 37-39.) Apa tikhoza kunenadi kuti anali mu ukapolo wa Babulo Wamkulu.

10. N’chiyani chinathandiza kuti anthu ena ayambe kukayikira zimene matchalitchi ankaphunzitsa?

¹⁰ Ngakhale zinali choncho, kwa zaka mahandiredi angapo kuchokera pamene Yesu anaphedwa, anthu ambiri ankawerenga Baibulo m’Chigiriki kapena Chilatini. Choncho ankatha kusiyanitsa zimene Baibulo limaphunzitsa ndi zimene zinkaphunzitsidwa kutchalitchi. Zimene ankawerengazo zinachititsa kuti ayambe kukayikira zimene matchalitchi ankaphunzitsa. Komabe zinali zovuta kuti anene poyera maganizo awo chifukwa zikanachititsa kuti azunzidwe kapena kuphedwa.

11. Kodi atsogoleri achipembedzo anatani kuti anthu ena asamawerenge Baibulo?

 ¹¹ Patapita nthawi, anthu olankhula Chigiriki ndi Chilatini anayamba kuchepa. Koma atsogoleri a tchalitchi sankalola kuti Mawu a Mulungu amasuliridwe m’zilankhulo zimene anthu ambiri ankalankhula. Izi zinachititsa kuti Baibulo lizingowerengedwa ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo kapena anthu ena ophunzira. Zinkatero ngakhale kuti ena mwa atsogoleri achipembedzowo sankadziwa bwino kuwerenga ndi kulemba. Munthu aliyense wotsutsa zimene tchalitchi chinkaphunzitsa ankalangidwa koopsa. Pa nthawiyi, odzozedwa okhulupirika ankangosonkhana m’timagulu ting’onoting’ono ndipo ena sankasonkhana n’komwe. Mofanana ndi Ayuda amene anali ku Babulo, tingati ‘ansembe achifumuwa’ sankagwira ntchito yawo bwinobwino. Apatu Akhristu oona anali opanikizika mu ukapolo wa Babulo Wamkulu.

12, 13. Ndi zinthu ziwiri ziti zimene zinachititsa kuti kuwala kuyambe kuoneka? Fotokozani.

¹² Koma kodi zikanatheka kuti Akhristu oonawa adzamasuke n’kumalambira Mulungu bwinobwino? Yankho ndi loti inde. Kuwala kunayamba kuoneka ndipo panali zinthu ziwiri zimene zinathandiza. Choyamba chinali kupangidwa kwa makina osindikizira cha m’ma 1450. Makinawa asanapangidwe, anthu ankakopera Baibulo pamanja. Kuti munthu akopere Baibulo lonse zinkatenga miyezi 10. Komanso mapepala ndi zikopa zanyama zimene ankagwiritsa ntchito kuti alembepo zinali zodula. Zonsezi zinapangitsa kuti Mabaibulo azisowa komanso akhale odula. Koma atayamba kugwiritsa ntchito makina osindikizira, munthu ankatha kusindikiza masamba 1,300 tsiku limodzi.

¹³ Chachiwiri ndi zimene anthu ena olimba mtima anachita chakumayambiriro kwa zaka  za m’ma 1500. Anthuwa anayamba kumasulira Mawu a Mulungu m’zilankhulo zina. Komatu kuchita zimenezi kunali kuika moyo pachiswe. Atsogoleri a tchalitchi sanagwirizane nazo ngakhale pang’ono. Ankaopa kuti anthu akawerenga Baibulo m’zilankhulo zawo akhala ndi mafunso ambiri. Ndipo Baibulo litayamba kupezeka m’zilankhulo zina, anthu anayambadi kuliwerenga ndipo ankafunsa mafunso monga akuti: Ndi pati m’Baibulo pamene pamapezaka mawu akuti puligatoliyo? Kodi ndi pati pamene pamanena zoti munthu ayenera kulipira kuti wansembe achititse mwambo wa maliro? Nanga zokhudza apapa ndi makadinala zimapezeka pati m’Baibulo? Zinthu zambiri zimene tchalitchichi chinkaphunzitsa zinali maganizo a anthu monga Aristotle ndi Plato, omwe anakhalapo zaka zambiri Yesu asanabwere padzikoli. Koma atsogoleri achipembedzo anakwiya kwambiri poona kuti anthu anayamba kukayikira zimene tchalitchi chinkaphunzitsa. Choncho anthu amene ankatsutsa ziphunzitso za tchalitchi ankaphedwa. Zonsezi zinkachitika pofuna kulepheretsa anthu kuti asamawerenge Baibulo komanso asamafunse mafunso. Komabe panali anthu ena olimba mtima amene anakana kuti azitsogoleredwa ndi Babulo Wamkulu. Anali atapeza choonadi m’Mawu a Mulungu ndipo ankafuna kudziwa zambiri. Apatu tingati kuwala kunayamba kuoneka.

14. (a) Kodi anthu amene ankafuna kumvetsa Baibulo anatani? (b) Fotokozani zimene M’bale Russell anachita pofufuza choonadi?

¹⁴ Anthu amene ankafuna kudziwa zambiri anasamukira m’mayiko mmene zinthu zinaliko bwino. Ankafuna kuti azikawerenga Baibulo n’kumakambirana ndi ena zimene aphunzirazo. Limodzi mwa mayiko amenewa linali la United States kumene Charles Taze Russell ndi anzake anayamba kuphunzira Baibulo m’zaka za m’ma 1800. Poyamba cholinga cha M’bale Russel chinali kufufuza kuti adziwe chipembedzo chimene chimaphunzitsa choonadi. Choncho anayerekezera zimene matchalitchi ambiri amaphunzitsa ndi zimene Baibulo limaphunzitsa. Anafufuzanso ngakhale m’zipembedzo zomwe si zachikhristu. Koma anapeza kuti palibe chipembedzo chimene chinkaphunzitsa zogwirizana ndi Mawu a Mulungu. Pa nthawi ina anauza atsogoleri achipembedzo angapo mfundo za m’Baibulo zimene iye ndi anzake aja anapeza. Ankaganiza kuti iwo agwirizana nazo ndipo ayamba kuphunzitsa zimenezi m’matchalitchi awo. Koma atsogoleri achipembedzowo sanasonyeze chidwi. Choncho Ophunzira Baibulowa anazindikira kuti sangathe kulambira Mulungu ndi anthu amene ali m’chipembedzo chonyenga.—Werengani 2 Akorinto 6:14.

15. (a) Kodi Akhristu analowa liti mu ukapolo wa Babulo Wamkulu? (b) Kodi m’nkhani yotsatira tidzakambirana mafunso ati?

¹⁵ M’nkhaniyi taona kuti Akhristu oona analowa mu ukapolo wa Babulo Wamkulu atumwi onse atamwalira. Komabe pali mafunso ofunika omwe tiyenera kupeza mayankho ake. Mwachitsanzo: Kodi pali umboni wina wosonyeza kuti pofika chaka cha 1914 Akhristu odzozedwa anali atayamba kutuluka mu ukapolo wa Babulo Wamkulu? Kodi n’zoona kuti Yehova sankasangalala ndi anthu ake chifukwa choti pa nthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse sankagwira mwakhama ntchito yolalikira? Nanga kodi abale athu ena analephera kukhalabe okhulupirika ndipo Yehova anasiya kuwakonda? Komanso ngati Akhristu analowa mu ukapolo atumwi atamwalira, kodi ukapolowu unatha liti? Mafunso amenewa adzayankhidwa m’nkhani yotsatira.