Kodi Mumawadziwa Anthu Otchedwa a Batak?

Munthu wina wa ku Italy wofufuza malo atsopano wazaka za m’ma 1200, dzina lake Marco Polo, atapita kuchilumba cha Sumatra ku Indonesia, ananena kuti anaona “anthu a m’mapiri” omwe “ankachita zinthu . . . ngati nyama zakutchire ndipo ankadya anthu.” Ena amakhulupirira kuti anthu amenewa ndi a mtundu wa Batak. Koma ine ndi mkazi wanga titakumana ndi anthu amenewa, tinaona kuti ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi mmene anthu ankafotokozera. Panopa tinadziwana bwino ndi anthuwa ndipo timawakonda kwambiri. Tsopano tikufuna tikufotokozereni zinthu zina zokhudza anthu amenewa.

 “HORAS!” Ameneyu ndi moni wansangala yemwe anthu a mtundu wa Batak anatipatsa titangofika kumpoto kwa chilumba cha Sumatra m’dziko la Indonesia. Ifeyo tinatumizidwa kuti tikagwire ntchito yaumishonale m’dera linalake lokongola kwambiri la m’dzikoli, pafupi ndi nyanja ya Toba. Nyanjayi ndi yaikulu pa nyanja zonse zopangidwa chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa ziphalaphala za pansi pa nthaka. Anthu ambiri a mtundu wa Batak amapezeka m’dera lozungulira nyanja imeneyi.—Onani  bokosi limene lili m’munsili.

Anthu a mtundu wa Batak ndi ambiri kuposa mitundu ina yonse ya ku Indonesia ndipo akhoza kufika 8 miliyoni. Mtundu wa Batak unapangidwa ndi mafuko osiyanasiyana okwana 6, omwe ndi apachibale kwambiri. Mayina a mafukowa ndi awa: Toba, Simalungun, Karo, Dairi, Angkola ndi Mandailing. Fuko lililonse limapangidwanso ndi mabanja ambiri. Anthu a mtunduwu akakumana, funso loyamba limakhala lakuti, “Mumachokera ku banja liti?” Kenako sachedwa kudziwa mmene chibale chawo chilili.

Zimene Amachita Akafuna Kukwatira

Anthu a mtundu wa Batak akafuna kukwatira, amakwatirana ndi mkazi kapena mwamuna wa fuko lina, osati lawo lomwelo, ndipo zimenezi zimagwirizanitsa mafukowo. Amakonda kukwatirana pachisuweni, makamaka chakuchikazi. Koma kukwatirana ndi msuweni wako wakuchimuna kapena munthu wa fuko lako lomwelo n’zosaloleka ngakhale pang’ono. Ukwati wawo nthawi zambiri umayenda chonchi: Mwamuna wa fuko A amatenga mkazi wa fuko B. Mwamuna wa fuko B amatenga mkazi wa fuko C. Ndipo mwamuna wa fuko C amatenga mkazi wa fuko A. Kutsatira dongosolo limeneli kumathandiza kwambiri kuti anthu onse a mtundu wa Batak akhale pachibale ndipo anthu omwe angokwatirana kumenewo amakhala ndi achibale ambirimbiri.

Ngakhale mwamuna ndi mkazi atalembetsa ukwati wawo ku boma n’kubereka ana, fuko lawo siliona kuti ukwatiwo ndi wovomerezeka mpaka atachita ukwati potsatira miyambo ya mafukowo. Pa ukwatiwo pamabwera achibale ankhaninkhani ndipo umachitika kwa maola ambiri.

Mwachitsanzo, pamwambo wa ukwati wa anthu a fuko la Karo, ndalama zomwe akuchimuna apereka kuchikazi kapena ndalama zimene akuchikazi apereka kuchimuna zimawerengedwa bwinobwino n’kugawidwa ku mabanja angapo a fuko lililonse. Zimenezi zikatha, mwambo wa ukwati umapitirira. Achibale ochokera ku mafuko awiriwa amapereka malangizo okhudza ukwati ndipo malangizowo amaperekedwa kwa nthawi yaitali. Mwamuna ndi mkazi wakeyo amamvetsera mwatcheru. Pomaliza pamakhala kudya ndi kuvina.

Kuli Nthaka Yachonde Kwambiri

Kale, mabanja ambiri a mtundu wa Batak ankakhala mumdadada umodzi. Denga la mdadada uliwonse linkakhala ndi malo awiri osongoka omwe ankaoneka ngati nyanga za njati. Nyumbazi zinkamangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mitengo, nsungwi,  masamba a kanjedza ndi zinthu zina ndipo ankazikongoletsa kwambiri. Nyumbazi zinkamangidwa pathandala. Nthawi zina ankamanga midadada yaikulu kwambiri moti mabanja okwana 12 ankatha kukwana mumdadada umodzi. Sankagwiritsa ntchito misomali pomanga nyumbazo. Panopa m’derali muli nyumba zimene zinamangidwa zaka 300 zapitazo koma anthu akukhalamobe. Pansi pa nyumbazi pamakhala ziweto monga ng’ombe, nkhuku, agalu, nkhumba ndiponso njati zoweta.

Anthu ambiri m’derali amadalira ulimi wa mbewu ndi ziweto, usodzi ndiponso ntchito yokopa alendo. Malo ozungulira nyanja ya Toba ndi achonde kwambiri. Derali limaoneka lobiriwira kwambiri chifukwa cha minda ya mpunga. Anthu m’derali amalimanso zinthu monga khofi, zipatso ndi timbewu tina tonunkhira tothira mundiwo. Kulinso madimba ambiri omwe amalimako ndiwo zamasamba. Komanso m’nyanja ya Toba, asodzi amakhala pikitipikiti kupha nsomba atakwera mabwato awo.

Madzulo ana amapita kunyanja kukasewera. Iwo amachita masewera okapizana madzi komanso kusambira. Azibambo amapita kumalo achisangalalo, ndipo m’mudzi monsemo nyimbo zimamvekera chapansipansi. Anthu a mtundu wa Batak amadziwika kwambiri ndi luso lawo loimba. Nyimbo zawo zimakhala zokhudza mtima kwambiri. Amakondanso kuvina ndipo akazi amavina paokha, amunanso paokha. Akamavina amayendetsa manja awo mochititsa chidwi.

Ali ndi Mbiri Yochititsa Mantha

Kuchokera m’nthawi ya Marco Polo mpaka kufika m’zaka za m’ma 1800, panali mbiri yakuti mtundu wa Batak ndi woopsa kwambiri chifukwa anthu ake amadya zigawenga komanso adani awo omwe awagwira kunkhondo. Komabe, katswiri wina wa mbiri yakale, dzina lake Leonard Y. Andaya, ananena kuti nkhani zina zosonyeza kuti “anthu a mtundu wa Batak ankadya anthu, zinali zongokokomeza ndipo mwina zinkafalitsidwa ndi eniake omwewo pofuna kuopseza adani kuti asalowe m’dera lawo.” Kaya zoona zake n’zotani, buku lina linanena kuti “m’zaka za m’ma 1800, boma la Netherlands lomwe pa nthawiyo linkalamulira dzikoli, linalamula kuti pasapezekenso aliyense wodya munthu mnzake.”—The Batak—Peoples of the Island of Sumatra.

Anthu a mtundu wa Batak anali okhulupirira mizimu ndipo anali ndi milungu yambiri. Iwo ankapereka nsembe kwa anthu akufa ndiponso ankati  amalankhula nawo. Ankaloseranso zam’tsogolo komanso kuchita zamatsenga. Njira zosiyanasiyana zolodzera komanso kuchiritsa munthu zinkalembedwa pamakungwa a mitengo aatali pafupifupi mamita 15. Makungwawa ankawapindapinda n’kumaoneka ngati buku. Ankakhalanso ndi nsalu zopatulika zomwe ankasokapo zinthu zosiyanasiyana zokongoletsera. Ankagwiritsa ntchito nsaluzi pofuna kuthamangitsa mizimu yoipa komanso polosera zam’tsogolo.

Mabuku akale kwambiri amasonyeza kuti amishonale oyamba kufika m’derali anali a Baptist ndipo mayina awo anali Richard Burton ndi Nathaniel Ward. Iwo anafika m’dzikoli m’chaka cha 1824. Patapita zaka zina 10, pa nthawi imene asilikali a ku Netherlands ankafuna kulanda madera ena m’dzikoli, kunafikanso amishonale ena awiri ochokera ku America ndipo mayina awo anali Henry Lyman ndi Samuel Munson. Koma iwo anaphedwa pasanapite nthawi yaitali. Amishonale awiri achikatolika, omwe ananyalanyaza chenjezo lakuti derali ndi loopsa, nawonso akuoneka kuti anaphedwa.

Koma mmishonale wina wa ku Germany, dzina lake Ludwig Nommensen, yemwe anafika m’derali m’chaka cha 1862, anapulumuka ndipo zinthu zinamuyendera bwino moti mpaka pano anthu ambiri m’derali amamulemekeza kwambiri. Masiku ano anthu ambiri a mtundu wa Batak ali m’matchalitchi achikhristu. Ena ndi Asilamu ndipo ena ndi achipembedzo cha makolo. Koma ambiri mwa anthu amenewa amakakamirabe miyambo yawo yakalekale.

Mmene Uthenga Wabwino Unafikira M’derali

Mboni za Yehova zinafika m’dera la anthu a mtundu wa Batak cha mu 1936. Iwo anabweretsa uthenga wabwino wa Ufumu wa Mulungu umene Yesu analosera kuti udzalalikidwa “padziko lonse lapansi kumene kuli anthu.” (Mateyo 24:14) Anthu ambiri analabadira uthenga wa m’Baibulo ndipo anasiya kukhulupirira zamizimu. Chifukwa cha ntchito yolalikira imeneyi, panopa m’derali muli mipingo ya Mboni za Yehova yokwana 30.—Onani  bokosi kumanjaku.

Ine ndi mkazi wanga tikamalalikira m’derali, nthawi zambiri timakumana ndi alendo osiyanasiyana odzaona malo. Alendowa amachita chidwi kwambiri ndi kukongola kwa nyanja ya Toba komanso nyengo ya m’derali. Ifenso timaona kuti derali ndi losangalatsa. Koma chimene chimatisangalatsa kwambiri ndi anthu a mtundu wa Batak, omwe ndi ansangala komanso odziwa kulandira alendo.

[Bokosi patsamba 17]

 NYANJA YOZIZIRA BWINO YOMWE CHIYAMBI CHAKE CHINALI CHOOPSA

Nyanja ya Toba ndi yaikulu makilomita 87 m’litali, ndi makilomita 27 m’lifupi, ndipo ndi nyanja yaikulu kwambiri padziko lonse pa nyanja zonse zopangidwa chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa ziphalaphala za pansi pa nthaka. Nyanjayi ili ndi madzi ambiri omwe ngati atathiridwa m’dziko lonse la United Kingdom, akhoza kufika mita imodzi kuya kwake. Nyanja ya Toba ili pakatikati pa mapiri a Barisan, omwe anapangika chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa ziphalaphala. Nyanjayi ndi yokongola kwambiri moti anthu akaiona, salephera kuijambula.

Nyanjayi inapangidwa pataphulika ziphalaphala zotentha kwambiri, mwina ulendo umodzi kapena maulendo angapo. Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti ziphalaphala zimenezi zili m’gulu la ziphalaphala zoopsa kwambiri zimene zakhala zikuphulika padziko lapansi. Patapita nthawi, malo omwe panaphulika ziphalaphalawo panadzaza madzi omwe anapanga nyanja ya Toba. Kenako pansi pa nyanjayi panaphulikanso ziphalaphala zina zomwe zinapanga chilumba chokongola kwambiri chotchedwa Samosir. Chilumbachi n’chachikulu masikweya kilomita 647 ndipo kukula kwake n’kofanana ndi dziko la Singapore.

[Bokosi patsamba 18]

KUMADUTSA KAMPHEPO KAYAZIYAZI

Nyanja ya Toba ili pa mtunda wa makilomita 300 kuchokera pakatikati pa dziko lapansi kupita kumpoto. Nthawi zambiri malo oterewa amakhala otentha kwambiri koma n’zodabwitsa kuti dera lozungulira nyanja ya Toba ndi lozizirirapo. Izi zili choncho chifukwa malo amene nyanjayi ili ndi okwera mamita 900. M’derali mumadutsa kamphepo kayaziyazi ndipo mitengo ya kanjedza ndi ya paini imakulira limodzi mosangalala.

Kumbali zosiyana za nyanjayi, kumakhalanso nyama zamitundu yosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, anyani amene amapezeka kumpoto kwa nyanjayi ndi osiyana ndi amene amapezeka kum’mwera kwa nyanjayi. Nyama zinanso zimene zimapezeka kumpoto kwa nyanjayi, sizipezeka kum’mwera kwa nyanjayi.

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 19]

 NDINALI SING’ANGA KOMA TSOPANO NDINE MKHRISTU

Nursiah ndi wamtundu wa Batak ndipo poyamba anali sing’anga. Iye ankachita zamatsenga pochiza odwala, kuchotsa mizimu yoipa, komanso ankati amalankhula ndi akufa. * Ntchito yakeyi inkamubweretsera ndalama zambiri. Ngakhale kuti iye ankachita zamatsenga, anthu ambiri kutchalitchi chake chachipulotesitanti ankamulemekeza.

Nursiah atakumana ndi Mboni za Yehova, anadabwa kumva kuti Mulungu dzina lake ndi Yehova. (Salmo 83:18) Kenako iye anawerenga m’Baibulo kuti anthu ambiri amene anayamba Chikhristu m’nthawi ya atumwi, anasiya zamatsenga. Iwo anatentha mabuku awo okhudzana ndi kukhulupirira mizimu kuti azitha kutumikira Mulungu moyenerera. (Machitidwe 19:18, 19) Nursiah atadziwa zimenezi, nayenso anaganiza zotaya zinthu zonse zokhudzana ndi kukhulupirira mizimu zimene anali nazo. Ngakhale kuti ena ankatsutsa kwambiri, iye anadalira kwambiri mawu a Yesu akuti: “Mudzadziwa choonadi, ndipo choonadi chidzakumasulani.”—Yohane 8:32.

Panopa, Nursiah ndi mwana wake wamwamuna, Besli, ndi Mboni za Yehova zobatizidwa. Mwamuna wake, Nengku, amapita ku misonkhano ya Mboni za Yehova mlungu uliwonse. Nursiah anati: “Panopa mmene ndikutumikira Yehova, ndikukhala moyo wabwino kwambiri. Pamene ndinali sing’anga ndinkafuna kudziwa choonadi. Panopa ndine wosangalala chifukwa ndikuona kuti ndachidziwa.”

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi]

Nursiah ali ndi mwamuna wake komanso mwana wake

[Mapu patsamba 16]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Sumatra

Nyanja ya Toba

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Based on NASA/​Visible Earth imagery

[Chithunzi pamasamba 16, 17]

Mmene nyanja ya Toba imaonekera munthu akakhala pafupi ndi phiri la Pusuk Buhit, lomwe lili kumtunda

[Chithunzi patsamba 18]

Mathithi a Sipisopiso, omwe ali kumpoto kwa nyanja ya Toba, ndi aatali mamita 110