Mbewu ya Chimanga N’njodabwitsa

M’MBUYOMU Harlin anali mlimi wa mbewu ya chimanga m’dera la Finger Lakes, New York, ku United States. Iye ankakonda kufotokozera anzake ndi alendo zinthu zina zosonyeza kuti chimanga n’chodabwitsa. Galamukani! inapempha Harlin kuti afotokozerenso owerenga athu zimene iye akudziwa za chimanga. Tionanso mbali zina za mbewu yodabwitsa imeneyi. Mwachitsanzo, kodi chimanga chinachokera kuti? Nanga chinafalikira bwanji padziko lonse? Ndiponso kodi ntchito zake n’zotani? Tsopano tiyeni timve zimene Harlin akunena pofotokoza kudabwitsa kwa mbewu ya chimanga.

Mbewuyi Imakuuzani Zimene Ikufunikira

“Ine ndimaona kuti mbewu ya chimanga inalengedwa mwaluso ndipo panapita masamu apamwamba. Kungoyambira masamba mpaka maso ake kuchitsononkho, chilichonse ndi choyalidwa bwino komanso mochititsa kaso. Chochititsa chidwi chinanso n’chakuti mbewuyo ikamakula imakuuzani zimene ikufunikira. Imakuuzani ngati yamva ludzu kapena sikulandira chakudya chokwanira. Mwana wakhanda, amalira ngati akufuna chinachake. Mofanana ndi mbewu zina zambiri, mbewu ya chimanga imene ikukula imasonyezanso zizindikiro, monga maonekedwe ndi kakulidwe ka masamba, pokuuzani zimene ikufunikira. Chinsinsi chake chagona pa kudziwa zimene zizindikirozo zikutanthauza.

“Mwachitsanzo, ngati sikulandira mchere  wa fosifeti wokwanira, masamba akewo amakhala ofiirira. Zizindikiro zina zingasonyeze kuti mbewuyo ikusowa maginiziyamu, nayitirojeni kapenanso potashi. Mlimi atha kudziwa ngati mbewu yake ili ndi matenda kapena ngati yavulala ndi mankhwala, malinga ndi mmene ikuonekera.

“Mofanana ndi alimi onse a chimanga, ndinkabzala m’chilimwe, pamene mbewuyi sivuta kuphukira chifukwa cha kufunda kwa nthaka. Patadutsa miyezi 4 kapena 6, mbewuzo zinali kukula kufika mamita awiri.

“Kakulidwe ka chimanga kamadziwika mwa kuwerengera masamba ake. Chikafika pa msinkhu wa masamba asanu, luso lake losakaniza zofunikira ndi logwiritsa ntchito masamu limafika pa chimake. Mizu yake imayamba kuyeza nthaka kuona ngati ili ndi zonse zofunikira. Zimene mizu imapezazo zimakhala maziko a ndondomeko imene imathandiza chitsononkho kukula kufika pa saizi yake, mogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa mizere ya chitsononkhocho. Kenako, chikafika msinkhu wapakati pa masamba 12 mpaka 17, mizu imayezanso nthaka kuti mbewuyo ione chiwerengero chonse cha maso ofunikira kukhala ku chitsononkho. Mwachidule, mbewu iliyonse mwanjira inayake imawerengetsera zonse kuti ione mmene ingagwiritsire ntchito bwino nthaka. Umboni winanso wakuti mbewu ya chimanga inapangidwa modabwitsa ndi ndondomeko ya mmene chimanga chimaberekera.”

Ngayaye, Maluwa, ndi Ndevu

“Mbewu iliyonse imakhala ndi mbali zonse ziwiri, yaimuna ndi yaikazi. Mbali yaimuna ndi ngayaye, imene ndi chiduwaduwa chotuluka ku nsonga kwa mbewu ya chimanga. Ngayaye iliyonse imakhala ndi timaluwa pafupifupi 6,000. Timaluwa ta mbewu imodzi timatulutsa timibulu ta mungu mamiliyoni ambiri. Pouluzidwa ndi mphepo, mungu umakakumana ndi mazira mkati mwa chimanga chosakhwima cha mbewu zapafupi. Mazirawo amakhala otetezeka mkati mwa makoko.

“Nanga kodi mungu umadutsa bwanji makoko mpaka kukafika ku mazira otetezekawo? Tinganene kuti umayenda pa njira ya ndevu za chimanga. Ndevu za chimanga ndi timaulusi tofewa komanso toyera timene timatuluka ku nsonga ya chimanga chosakhwima. Chimanga chosakhwima chilichonse chimakhala ndi ndevu zambirimbiri. Mutati mutsatire gwero la ndevu iliyonse, mungapeze kathumba ka mazira. Ndevu iliyonse imakhala pa dzira limodzi. Kenako, dzira lililonse limabereka diso limodzi la chimanga.

“Nsonga za ndevu zimene zimaombedwa ndi mphepo youlutsa mungu, zimakhala ndi timaubweya timene timakola timibulu ta mungu woulukawo. M’bulu wa mungu ukakoledwa ndi mbali iliyonse ya ndevu imodzi, umaphuka n’kutulutsa kapaipi kokhala ngati muzu kamene kamadutsa m’ndevuyo n’kukakumana ndi dzira.

“Ngati chimanga chili ndi maso apatalipatali, ndiye kuti ndevu zina sizinalandire mungu, mwina chifukwa chakuti zinachedwa kutuluka. Chimene chingachititse zimenezi ndi dothi louma. Apanso, ngati mlimi akudziwa zizindikiro zake, angachitepo kanthu kuthetsa vutolo kuti adzakolole bwino. Ngati sangakwanitse zimenezi pa mbewu zimene zili m’munda, angayesetse kuti ulendo wotsatira adzathetse vutolo. China chimene ndinkachita kuti mbewu zanga zikule bwino ndi ulimi wa kasinthasintha, wolima chimanga chaka chimodzi kenako chaka china, soya. Mbewu ya soya imawonjezera nayitirojeni m’nthaka komanso sidyedwa ndi mbozi yowononga chimanga. *

“Ndimasangalala kwambiri kuona munda wopanda chilichonse ukusintha pang’onopang’ono n’kukhala wobiriwira ndipo kenako kubereka chakudya chambirimbiri. Ndipo zonsezi zimachitika mwakachetechete, mopanda kuwononga zachilengedwe, komanso mochititsa kaso. Ndimakhulupirira kuti mbewu ya chimanga, mofanana ndi mbewu zina zonse, inalengedwa modabwitsa. Ndipo zimene ine ndikudziwa ndi zochepa chabe.”

 Kodi zimene Harlin wafotokozazi zakupatsani chilakolako chofuna kudziwa zinanso zokhudza mbewu yochititsa chidwiyi? Tiyeni tikambirane za mbiri yake ndiponso ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana.

Chinachokera ku Mexico N’kufalikira pa Dziko Lonse

Ulimi wa chimanga unayambira ku mayiko a ku America, makamaka ku Mexico, ndipo unafalikira pa dziko lonse. Mtundu wa Ainka usanabwere ku Peru, anthu akumeneko ankalambira mulungu wamkazi wa chimanga, wovala chisoti chokongoletsedwa ndi chimanga mozungulira ngati masipoko a njinga. Joseph Kastner, wolemba mabuku a zachilengedwe, ananena kuti Amwenye a ku America “anali kulambira [chimanga] chifukwa chinapangidwa ndi milungu, ndipo munthunso anapangidwa kuchokera ku chimanga . . . Chimanga chinali chosavuta kupeza, popeza kuti phesi limodzi linali kutulutsa chakudya chokwanira munthu mmodzi patsiku.” Komabe, eni dzikowo ankadyera limodzi ndi nyemba, ndipo zimenezi ndi zimene zimachitika mpaka pano ku Latin America.

Azungu anatulukira mbewu ya chimanga mu 1492 pamene Christopher Columbus, munthu woyendera malo, anafika ku Caribbean. Mwana wa Columbus, dzina lake Ferdinand, analemba kuti bambo ake anaona mbewu “imene anthu amaitcha chimanga ndipo imakoma kwambiri ikakhala yophika, yowotcha, kapena yogaya.” Kastner analemba kuti Columbus anatengako mbewuzo kupita nazo kwawo, ndipo “pofika chapakati pa zaka za m’ma 1500, [chimanga] chinali kulimidwa osati ku Spain kokha, komanso ku Bulgaria ndi ku Turkey. Anthu ogula ndi kugulitsa akapolo, anatengera mbewu ya chimanga ku Afirika . . . Antchito a [Mspanya woyendera malo wobadwira ku Portugal, Ferdinand] Magellan, anakasiya mbewu ya chimanga yochokera ku Mexico ku Philippines ndi ku Asia.” Umu ndi mmene mbewu ya chimanga inafalikira.

Masiku ano, chimanga ndi mbewu yachiwiri imene imalimidwa kwambiri padziko lonse, ndipo yoyamba ndi tirigu, yachitatu ndi mpunga. Zakudya zikuluzikulu zitatuzi ndi zimene anthu ambiri, kuphatikizapo ziweto, amadya.

Mofanana ndi mbewu zina za m’gulu la udzu, chimanga chilipo mitundumitundu. Mwachitsanzo ku United States kokha, kuli mitundu yodziwika yoposa 1,000, kuphatikizapo yahaibulidi. Misinkhu yake imasiyanasiyana, kuyambira masentimita 60 mpaka mamita 6! Komanso zitsononkho zimasiyanasiyana kutalika kwake. Zina zimangotalika masentimita 5, koma zina mpaka masentimita 60. Buku lina lofotokoza za kaphikidwe ka ku Latin America limati: “Mbewu ina ya chimanga imene amalima ku South America masiku ano imabereka chimanga chachikulu kwambiri koma chooneka ngati papaya, maso ake ophwatalala komanso okwana masentimita 2.5 m’litali ndi m’lifupi momwe.”

Maonekedwe a chimanga amasiyanasiyananso. China chimakhala chachikasu, china chofiira, chabuluu, chapinki, kapena chakuda. Ndipo nthawi zina chifukwa cha mmene maso ake alili, chimangacho chingaoneke chamizere yozungulira kapena yoimirira kapenanso chamawangamawanga. M’pomveka kuti anthu ena amatenga chimanga cha maonekedwe okongolachi n’kupanga zokongoletsera m’malo mochiphika.

Chili ndi Ntchito Zambiri

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu za chimanga imaikidwa m’magulu akuluakulu 6, monga chimanga cholowa, cholimba, chaufa, chotsekemera, chomata ndiponso mbuluuli. Chimanga chotsekemera chimalimidwa chochepa. Chimatsekemera chifukwa cha kusokonekera kwa zinthu chikamasakaniza zofunikira, ndipo zimenezi zimasintha shuga wochepa chabe kukhala sitalichi. Padziko lonse, chimanga choposa 60 peresenti amadyetsera ziweto ndipo anthu amadya chosakwana 20 peresenti. Chotsala amachigwiritsa ntchito m’mafakitale kapena kusunga mbewu. Ziwerengerozi zimasiyanasiyana dziko lililonse.

Chimanga chimagwira ntchito zambiri. Maso akewo kapena zinthu zotengedwa ku masowo amazigwiritsa ntchito popanga zinthu zambiri monga zomatira, zakudya monga mayonezi, mowa ndi matewera amapepala. Panopa, chimanga akuchigwiritsanso ntchito m’mafakitale opanga mafuta a ethanol, ngakhale kuti zimenezi zabutsa mkangano. Kunena zoona, nkhani ya mbewu yodabwitsa ya chimanga ndi ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana ndi yosatha.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 11]

Chimanga Chahaibulidi

M’mayiko ambiri, alimi amakonda kulima mbewu zahaibulidi chifukwa zimabereka kwambiri. Mbewu zahaibulidi, makamaka za chimanga cholowa, amazipanga mwa kusakaniza mitundu yosiyanasiyana kapenanso kusakaniza mitundu ya mbewu zofananirako zimene zingabereke bwino. Koma vuto la mbewu zahaibulidi ndi lakuti alimi afunika kugula mbewu nthawi zonse akafuna kubzala. Zili choncho chifukwa chakuti chimanga chahaibulidi chimene akolola akachibzalanso, chimasiyana ndi chimene anabzalacho ndipo sichibereka kwambiri.

[Chithunzi patsamba 10]

Chimanga chilipo mitundumitundu padziko lonse

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Courtesy Sam Fentress

Courtesy Jenny Mealing/flickr.com