Kodi Sayansi Idzathetsa Matenda Onse?

KODI sayansi yamakono idzathetsa matenda onse? Kodi maulosi a m’Baibulo opezeka m’mabuku a Yesaya ndi Chivumbulutso amanena za nthawi imene anthu adzathetse okha matenda onse padziko lapansi? Poona mmene ntchito zachipatala zapitira patsogolo, anthu ena amaganiza kuti zimenezi n’zotheka ndithu.

Maboma pamodzi ndi mabungwe omwe si aboma akugwirira ntchito limodzi ndi bungwe la United Nations pantchito yaikulu yolimbana ndi matenda. Mbali ina ya ntchito imeneyi ndi kupereka katemera kwa ana a m’mayiko osauka. Monga mmene bungwe loona za ana, la United Nations Children’s Fund linanenera, ngati mayiko atakwaniritsa zolinga zawo, “pofika chaka cha 2015, chaka chilichonse ana oposa 70 miliyoni a m’mayiko osauka kwambiri adzakhala akulandira katemera wa matenda monga chifuwa chachikulu (TB), zilonda zakukhosi, kafumbata, chifuwa chokoka mtima, chikuku, chikasu, fuluwenza, kutupa chiwindi, poliyo, kutupa matumbo, chibayo, matenda owumitsa khosi, ndi kutupa ubongo.” Komanso pali ntchito zimene zikuchitika pofuna kuteteza anthu ku matenda monga kuwapatsa madzi aukhondo, kuwalimbikitsa kudya zakudya zopatsa thanzi, ndiponso kuwaphunzitsa zaumoyo.

Komabe, zikuoneka kuti asayansi akufuna kuchita zambiri kuposa zimenezi. Luso lamakono la zopangapanga likusintha zinthu kwambiri pantchito zachipatala. Ndipo akuti pa zaka 8 zilizonse, luso limene asayansi ali nalo pa zamankhwala limawonjezeka kuwirikiza kawiri. Taonani zina mwa njira zamakono zolimbanira ndi matenda zimene asayansi apeza kapena zimene akuyesa kupeza.

▪ Kujambula wodwala Kwa zaka zoposa 30 tsopano, madokotala akhala akugwiritsa ntchito njira younika m’thupi ndi kompyuta. Akamaunika ndi kompyutayo, amatha kuona bwinobwino m’kati mwa matupi athu. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti atulukire matenda kapena kuona mbali zina za ziwalo za m’mimba zomwe zili ndi vuto.

Ngakhale kuti ena amaona kuti kuunika kumeneku kungabweretse mavuto ena m’thupi, akatswiri a zachipatala akukhulupirira kuti njira imeneyi ichepetsa kwambiri matenda m’tsogolo muno. Michael Vannier, pulofesa wa zojambula m’thupi pa chipatala cha pa yunivesite ya Chicago ananena kuti: “N’zovuta kumvetsa mmene sayansi yapitira patsogolo kwambiri m’zaka zochepa chabe.”

Makompyutawa amaunika mwachangu, molondola, ndipo njira imeneyi n’njotsikirapo mtengo. Koma chinthu chabwino kwambiri n’choti makompyuta  atsopanowa akumajambula mwachangu kwambiri. Ubwino wake umaonekera makamaka pojambula mtima. Popeza mtima umagunda nthawi zonse, zithunzi zambiri zam’kati mwa mtima sizinkaoneka bwinobwino, zomwe zinkachititsa kuti kukhale kovuta kuzindikira vuto lenileni la mtimawo. Magazini ya New Scientist inalongosola kuti, makompyuta atsopanowa amajambula mofulumira “kwambiri mtima usanagunde,” zomwe zimachititsa kuti zithunzi zake zikhale zooneka bwino.

Madokotala akamagwiritsa ntchito makompyuta atsopano ounikirawa, sikuti amangoona mmene ziwalo za m’thupi zilili ayi, koma amaonanso zimene zikuchitika m’ziwalozo. Njira imeneyi n’njothandiza kuoneratu matenda a khansa, matendawo asanafike poonekera.

▪ Opaleshoni yogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta Maopaleshoni ambirimbiri akuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi. Nthawi zina madokotala amapanga opaleshoni imeneyi pogwiritsa ntchito kompyuta yokhala ndi zipangizo zangati manja. M’zinthu zooneka ngati manjazo amaikamo mipeni, masizasi, makamera, zipangizo zoumitsira mabala a opaleshoni, ndi zina zambiri. Njira imeneyi imathandiza madokotala kuchita opaleshoni yovuta kwambiri koma molondola. Ponena za njira imeneyi, magazini ya Newsweek inati: “Madokotala amene amagwiritsa ntchito njirayi aona kuti pali mipata yochepa kwambiri yoti odwalawo angavulazidwe ndi opaleshoniyi, ndiponso anthu odwala amataya magazi ochepa, amamva ululu wochepa, amakhala m’chipatala kwanthawi yochepa, ndiponso amachira mwamsanga poyerekeza ndi anthu ochitidwa opaleshoni yochita kung’amba munthu.”

▪ Kugwiritsa ntchito tizipangizo tosaoneka ndi maso Asayansi amagwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi pochiza odwala. Tizipangizo tomwe amatigwiritsa ntchitoto n’tating’ono kwambiri moti potiyeza amagwiritsira ntchito mlingo wa gawo limodzi la mita akaigawa pamagawo 1 biliyoni.

Kuti timvetse bwino kuchepa kwa mlingo woyeserawu, tsamba lomwe mukuwerengali kukhuthala kwake ndi gawo limodzi la magawo 10 a milimita imodzi, ndipo tsitsi lanu limodzi kukhuthala kwake ndi gawo limodzi la magawo 13 a milimita imodzi. Selo lofiira la m’magazi n’lokhuthala pafupifupi gawo limodzi la magawo 400 a milimita. Kutalika kwa bakiteriya ndi gawo limodzi la magawo 1,000 a milimita, ndipo vairasi ndi gawo limodzi la magawo 10,000 a milimita. Kukhuthala kwa DNA, kapena kuti gawo la selo loona za chibadwa chanu, ndi gawo limodzi chabe la magawo 400,000 a milimita imodzi.

Akatswiri asayansi imeneyi akukhulupirira kuti m’tsogolo muno adzapanga tizipangizo ting’onoting’ono tomwe tizidzatha kugwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zochiritsa m’thupi la munthu. Tizipangizo tosaoneka ndi maso timeneti, tizidzakhala ndi timakompyuta tokonzedwa m’njira yakuti tizigwira ntchito inayake yapadera. N’zochititsa chidwi kuti tizipangizo topangidwa mwaluso zediti azidzatiumba ndi tinthu tating’ono zedi moti kuchepa kwake kwake tingakuyerekezere ndi gawo limodzi la magawo 10,000 a milimita imodzi. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti tidzakhala tating’ono kwambiri mofanana ndi kukhuthala kwa gawo limodzi mwa magawo 25 a selo lofiira la m’magazi!

Popeza tizipangizoti n’tating’ono kwambiri, pali chiyembekezo choti tizidzatha kuyenda m’mitsempha ing’onoing’ono yamagazi n’kukasiya mpweya wabwino kumaselo ofooka, ndi kuchotsa zinthu zosafunikira zomwe zakanilira m’mitsempha ndiponso m’maselo a muubongo. Tizipangizoti tizidzathanso kusakasaka ndi kuwononga adani monga mavairasi, mabakiteriya, ndi tizilombo tina toyambitsa matenda. Kowonjezera apo, tizipangizoti tizidzatha kunyamula mankhwala n’kuwapititsa mwachindunji kumaselo omwe ali ndi vuto.

Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti njira imeneyi  idzathandiza kwambiri kufufuzira matenda a khansa. Dr. Samuel Wickline, yemwenso ndi pulofesa wa zamankhwala ndi sayansi anati: “Tsopano, pali mipata yambiri yotulukirira mitundu ing’onoing’ono ya khansa ikangoyamba kumene, n’kuichiritsa ndi mankhwala amphamvu. Mankhwala amenewa azidzawapititsa mwachindunji pamalo okhawo pomwe pali matendawa, ndipo zimenezi sizidzamayambitsanso mavuto ena m’thupi.”

Ngakhale kuti zimenezi zikuoneka ngati zosatheka, asayansi ambiri akukhulupirira kuti n’zotheka ndithu. Akatswiri omwe akuchita kafukufuku wa tizipangizo ting’onoting’onoti akukhulupirira kuti m’zaka khumi zikubwerazi, adzakhala akugwiritsa ntchito njirayi pokonza ndi kusanja bwino maselo awonongeka amene adakali ndi moyo. Katswiri wina anati: “Njira imeneyi idzathetseratu matenda onse ofala a m’zaka za m’ma 1900, idzathetseratu kuvutika ndi ululu, ndiponso idzapatsa anthu mwayi wochita zinthu zatsopano zimene panopa sangathe kuchita.” Ngakhale masiku ano, asayansi ena amene ayesera njira imeneyi paziweto, akuti n’njothandiza kwambiri.

▪ Sayansi ya maselo okhudza chibadwa Selo lililonse la munthu lili ndi mbali zambiri zosiyanasiyana zimene n’zothandiza pamoyo. Imodzi mwa mbali zimenezi ndi gawo lokhudza chibadwa. Maselo onse a m’thupi mwathu ali ndi tizigawo tokhudza chibadwa tokwana pafupifupi 35,000. Tizigawo timeneti n’timene timapangitsa maonekedwe a tsitsi ndi kukula kwake, mtundu wa khungu, msinkhu, ndi zinthu zina zokhudza maonekedwe athu. Tizigawo timeneti timathandiza kuti ziwalo za m’kati mwa thupi lathu zikhale zopangidwa bwino kapena ayi.

Tizigawoti tikangowonongeka, thanzi lathu limaonongekanso kwambiri. Ndipotu, asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti matenda onse amayamba chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa tizigawo timeneti. Komanso anthufe timachita kuyamwira kuchokera kwa makolo athu tina mwa tizigawo tamaselo towonongekati. Koma tizigawo tina timawonongeka chifukwa chokumanizana ndi zinthu zowononga thupi lathu.

Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti posachedwapa adzatulukira mbali zenizeni za tizigawo tamaselo tokhudza chibadwa timene timachititsa kuti anthufe tizidwala. Zimenezi zidzathandiza madokotala kuti amvetsetse chifukwa chake kuli kosavuta kuti anthu ena adwale khansa kusiyana ndi ena, kapenanso chimene chimachitsa kuti anthu ena azidwala kwambiri khansa ya mtundu winawake kuposa ena. Komanso madokotala adzadziwa chifukwa chake mankhwala amtundu wina amakhala othandiza kwa odwala ena, pomwe mankhwala omwewo sathandiza kwa ena.

Kuphunzira ndi kudziwa bwino za mmene tizigawoti tilili, kungathandize kupanga mankhwala ogwirizana ndi munthu wina aliyense payekha. Kodi mungapindule bwanji ndi njira imeneyi? Mfundo yopanga mankhwala ogwirizana ndi munthu aliyense payekha, imatanthauza kuti munthu azidzatha kupeza chithandizo chogwirizana ndendende ndi chibadwa chake. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mbali yokhudza chibadwa ya maselo anu ikusonyeza kuti mukhoza kudwala matenda enaake, madokotala angadziwiretu zimenezo, matendawo asanayambe kuonekera. Akatswiri ena amati ngakhale panthawi imene matenda sanayambe, zidzakhala zotheka mwina kupeweratu matendawo polandira chithandizo choyenerera, kudya zakudya zopatsa thanzi, ndi kusintha makhalidwe ena.

Tizigawo tamaselo tokhudza chibadwa chanu tingathandize madokotala kuzindikira kuti mwina thupi lanu silingagwirizane ndi mitundu ina ya mankhwala. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, madokotala azidzatha kukupatsani mankhwala ogwirizana ndi thupi lanu. Nyuzipepala ya The Boston Globe inanena kuti: “Pofika m’chaka cha 2020, [mankhwala ogwirizana ndi munthu aliyense payekha] adzakhala atachuluka kwambiri kuposa mmene tingaganizire panopa. Mankhwala atsopanowo azidzachiza matenda a shuga, kuwonongeka kwa ubongo, misala, ndi matenda ena ambiri amene akuvutitsa anthu masiku ano.”

Njira zimene zalongosoledwa m’nkhani ino n’zina chabe za zinthu zimene asayansi akulonjeza m’tsogolo muno. Luso lawo pankhani zamankhwala ndi zachipatala likukulirakulira kwambiri. Komabe, asayansi sikuti akuganiza kuti angathetse matenda onse posachedwapa. Pali mikwingwirima yambiri yomwe panopa ikuonekabe kuti n’zosatheka kuthana nayo.

Mikwingwirima

Khalidwe la anthu lingachedwetse zoyesayesa zofuna kuthetsa matenda. Mwachitsanzo, asayansi amakhulupirira kuti mitundu ina ya matenda atsopano oopsa kwambiri inayambika chifukwa choti anthu anawononga chilengedwe. Pocheza ndi wolemba magazini ya Newsweek, Mary Pearl, yemwe ndi pulezidenti wa bungwe loona zachilengedwe la Wildlife Trust ananena kuti: “Kungoyambira pakatikati pa zaka za m’ma 1970, kwabuka matenda atsopano oposa 30, kuphatikizapo Edzi, Ebola, nyamakazi yofalitsidwa ndi nthata, ndiponso matenda obanika  otchedwa SARS. Ndipo zikuoneka kuti ambiri mwa matenda amenewa anachokera kunyama.”

Komanso, anthu akudya ndiwo zamasamba ndi zipatso zochepa, ndipo akukonda zakudya zomwe zili ndi shuga wambiri, mchere wambiri, ndi mafuta ambiri. Zakudya zoterezi pamodzi ndi kusachita zinthu zolimbitsa thupi, ndiponso kuchita makhalidwe ena owononga thanzi, zikuchititsa kuti anthu ambiri azidwala matenda osiyanasiyana a mtima. Ndiponso anthu osuta fodya akuwonjezeka, zimene zikudwalitsa ndi kupha anthu mamiliyoni ambiri padziko lonse. Chaka chilichonse, pafupifupi anthu 20 miliyoni amavulala kapena kumwalira pangozi za pamsewu. Nkhondo ndiponso ziwawa zimapha kapena kuvulaza anthu miyandamiyanda. Ndipo anthu mamiliyoni ambiri amadwala chifukwa chomwa mowa mwauchidakwa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Zoona zake n’zakuti zilibe kanthu kuti matendawo akuyambitsidwa ndi chiyani, koma mfundo n’njakuti, ngakhale kuti sayansi ndi zamankhwala zikupita patsogolo, matenda ena akupitirizabe kuvutitsa anthu kwambiri. Mogwirizana ndi zimene Bungwe Loona za Umoyo pa Dziko Lonse (WHO) linanena, ‘nthawi zonse anthu oposa 150 miliyoni amadwala matenda ovutika maganizo, ena pafupifupi 25 miliyoni amadwala misala, ndipo anthu 38 miliyoni amadwala khunyu.’ Matenda monga HIV/Edzi, kutsegula m’mimba, malungo, chikuku, chibayo, ndi chifukwa chachikulu, akuvutitsa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri, ndipo ana ndi achinyamata miyandamiyanda akumwalira chifukwa cha matenda amenewa.

N’zoonekeratu kuti pali mikwingwirima yambiri pantchito yoyesayesa kuthetsa matenda onse. Mavuto ena awiri akuluakulu ndi umphawi ndiponso kusayendetsedwa bwino kwa maboma. M’lipoti lake laposachedwapa, bungwe la WHO linanena kuti anthu miyandamiyanda amene akumwalira ndi matenda opatsirana akanatha kuchira, maboma akanati azithandizapo ndiponso pakanati pazikhala ndalama zokwanira.

Kodi kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi luso la zachipatala kungathandize kuthana ndi mikwingwirima imeneyi? Kodi posachedwapa matenda onse adzathadi padzikoli? N’zoonekeratu kuti njira zimene zalongosoledwa m’nkhani ino sizikupereka yankho lomveka bwino. Komabe, Baibulo limayankha funso limeneli. M’nkhani yotsatirayi tikambirana zimene Baibulo limanena pankhani ya dziko limene likubwera m’tsogolo limene simudzakhala matenda.

 [Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 7]

Kujambula odwala

Zinthuzi zooneka bwino kwambiri za m’thupi mwa munthu zingathandize kuzindikira matenda, matendawo atangoyamba kumene

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© Philips

Siemens AG

Opaleshoni yogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta

Makompyuta okhala ndi zipangizo zochitira opaleshoni amathandiza madokotala kuchita maopaleshoni ovuta kwambiri koma molondola

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© 2006 Intuitive Surgical, Inc.

Sayansi ya maselo okhudza chibadwa

Mwa kuphunzira za gawo la selo limene limakhala ndi mbali yokhudza chibadwa, asayansi akukhulupirira kuti angathe kuzindikira ndi kuchiritsa matenda, ngakhale matendawo asanafike poonekera

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Artist: Vik Olliver (vik@diamondage.co.nz)/​Designer: Robert Freitas

Kugwiritsa ntchito tizipangizo tosaoneka ndi maso

Tizipangizo timeneti tizithandiza madokotala kuchiza matenda, matendawo atangoyamba kumene. Chithunzichi chikusonyeza mmene tizipangizoti tizidzagwirira ntchito yofanana ndi ya maselo ofiira a m’magazi

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Chromosomes: © Phanie/​Photo Researchers, Inc.

[Bokosi pamasamba 8, 9]

Adani 6 Omwe Sanagonjetsedwebe

Ntchito zamankhwala ndiponso zaumisiri zothandiza pa ntchito imeneyi, zikupita patsogolo kwambiri. Ngakhale zimenezi zili choncho, milili ya matenda opatsirana ikuchulukirachulukirabe padziko pano. Matenda oopsa kwambiri omwe andandalikidwa pansipa sanagonjetsedwebe.

HIV/Edzi

Pafupifupi anthu 60 miliyoni ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV, ndipo ena pafupifupi 20 miliyoni amwalira ndi Edzi. Mu 2005, anthu 5 miliyoni anatenga kachilombo ka HIV ndipo ena oposa 3 miliyoni anamwalira ndi matenda okhudzana ndi Edzi. Mwa anthu amenewa, anthu oposa 500,000 nali ana. Ndipo anthu ambiri amene ali ndi HIV sangathe kupeza chithandizo chabwino cha mankhwala.

Kutsegula M’mimba

Matenda amenewa akuti ndi amene amapha anthu ambiri osauka, ndipo pafupifupi anthu mabiliyoni anayi amadwala matendawa chaka chilichonse. Matendawa amayamba chifukwa cha matenda ena osiyanasiyana opatsirana amene amafalikira kudzera m’madzi oipa, chakudya chosasamalidwa bwino, kapenanso chifukwa cha uve. Matenda oyambitsa kutsegula m’mimbawa amapha anthu pafupifupi 2 miliyoni chaka chilichonse.

Malungo

Anthu pafupifupi 300 miliyoni amadwala malungo chaka chilichonse. Ndipo anthu pafupifupi 1 miliyoni amamwalira chaka chilichonse, ndipo ambiri mwa iwo ndi ana. Ku Africa kuno, mwana mmodzi amamwalira ndi malungo pa masekondi 30 alionse. Malinga ndi lipoti la Bungwe Loona za Umoyo pa Dziko Lonse, akuti “sayansi siinapezebe njira yothana ndi malungo ndipo anthu ambiri akukayikira zoti njirayo idzapezeka.”

 Chikuku

M’chaka cha 2003, chikuku chinapha anthu oposa 500,000. Chikuku n’chimene chimapha ana ambiri komanso chimafala mofulumira kwambiri. Chaka chilichonse, anthu pafupifupi 30 miliyoni amadwala chikuku. Zimenezi n’zodabwitsa chifukwa chakuti pa zaka 40 zapitazi, katemera wa chikuku wamphamvu kwambiri komanso wokwera mtengo wakhala alipo.

Chibayo

Bungwe Loona za Umoyo pa Dziko Lonse limati ana ambiri amamwalira ndi nthenda ya chibayo kuposa mmene amamwalirira ndi matenda ena alionse opatsirana. Pafupifupi ana mamiliyoni awiri osaposa zaka zisanu amamwalira ndi chibayo chaka chilichonse. Ambiri mwa ana amene amamwalirawo ndi a ku Africa kuno ndipo ena ndi a ku Southeast Asia. M’madera ambiri padziko lapansi pano, anthu amamwalira chifukwa sakwanitsa kupeza thandizo loyenera la mankhwala akadwala.

Chifuwa Chachikulu

M’chaka cha 2003, chifuwa chachikulu cha TB, chinapha anthu oposa 1,700,000. Ndipo akuluakulu a zaumoyo akuda nkhawa chifukwa cha tizilombo toyambitsa TB tomwe sitikufa ndi mankhwala a matendawa. Tizilombo tina sitikufa ndi mankhwala onse odziwika bwino a matendawa. Tizilombo tosamva mankhwalati timapezeka m’matupi mwa anthu odwala TB omwe sayang’aniridwa bwino, kapenanso amene samaliza kumwa mankhwala awo a TB.

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 9]

Anthu Ambiri Ayamba Kuyesa Njira Zina

Pali njira zambiri zochiritsira matenda zimene azachipatala ambiri sazivomereza. Njira zimenezi makamaka ndi mankhwala azitsamba ndiponso njira zina zolowa m’malo mwa mankhwala akuchipatala. Anthu ambiri a m’mayiko osauka akadwala amadalira mankhwala azitsamba. Ndipo anthu ambiri a m’madera osauka sangakwanitse kupita kapena kulipira kuchipatala, pomwe ena amangokonda chabe mankhwala azitsambawo.

Njira zochiritsa zimenezi zayamba kutchukanso m’mayiko olemera. Zina mwa njira zotchuka kwambiri zimenezi ndizo kudzibaya ndi timasingano, kuwongola mafupa a msana, kumwa mankhwala ogwira ntchito ngati katemera, kuchita zinthu zothandiza thupi kuti lidzichiritse lokha, ndiponso mankhwala azitsamba. Asayansi afufuza bwinobwino zina mwa njirazi ndipo aona kuti n’zothandiza pamatenda ena. Komabe, sanatsimikizire ngati zina mwa izo zili zothandizadi. Popeza anthu ambiri akukonda kugwiritsa ntchito njirazi, pali nkhawa yaikulu chifukwa sizikudziwika ngati zili zosawononga thanzi kapena ayi. Ndipo m’mayiko ambiri, palibe malangizo alionse a kagwiritsidwe ntchito koyenera ka njira zochiritsirazi. Zimenezi zikuchititsa kuti anthu ambiri azimwa wokha mankhwala, n’kudzivulaza nawo, komanso zikuchulutsa mankhwala achinyengo ndi achabechabe. Ngakhale kuti achibale ndiponso anzake a wodwalayo amakhala ndi zolinga zabwino, koma malangizo omwe amapereka kwa wodwalayo amakhala olakwika. Izi zimakhala choncho chifukwa choti anthu amenewa sanaphunzire zamankhwala. Zonsezi zawonjezera matenda kwa odwala n’kuwononganso thanzi lawo m’njira zina.

M’mayiko ambiri mmene muli malangizo oyenerera ndiponso ovomerezeka okhudza njira zina zochiritsirazi, anthu a zachipatala ayamba kuvomereza njirazi ndipo madokotala ayamba kupereka chithandizo chochiritsira chogwiritsira njira zimenezi. Ngakhale zili choncho, palibe umboni ulionse wotsimikizira kuti njira zimenezi zidzathetsa matenda onse padziko pano.