‘Katswiri wa ku Britain Yemwe Anaiwalika’

YOLEMBEDWA NDI WOLEMBA GALAMUKANI! KU BRITAIN

ROBERT HOOKE, yemwe anthu a m’nthawi yake anati ndi “katswiri wa akatswiri pankhani yotulukira zinthu zatsopano,” panopo akuti iye ndi katswiri wa akatswiri a ku England, wofanana ndi Leornado da Vinci. * Hooke anabadwa mu 1635 ndipo mu 1662 anaikidwa kukhala woyang’anira kafukufuku m’bungwe la zasayansi la Royal Society of London. Mu 1677 anakhala mlembi wa bungweli. Hooke anamwalira mu 1703. Ngakhale kuti iyeyu anachita zazikulu pa zasayansi, malo enieni amene mtembo wake unaikidwapo kumpoto kwa London sakudziwika bwinobwino.

Panopo asayansi akhala akuyesetsa kum’tchukitsanso Hooke, yemwe Stephen Inwood, amene amalemba mbiri za anthu, anati ndi “katswiri yemwe anaiwalika.” Mu 2003, pa mwambo wokumbukira kuti patha zaka 300 chimwalilireni Hooke, bungwe la ku London la Royal Observatory Greenwich linachita chionetsero cha zinthu zina zogometsa kwambiri zimene Hooke anapanga ndiponso kutulukira. Kodi Robert Hooke anali ndani makamaka, ndipo n’chifukwa chiyani anaiwalika kwa nthawi yaitali chonchi?

Zimene Hooke Amadziwika Nazo Masiku Ano

Hooke anali munthu wophunzira ndiponso katswiri wotulukira zinthu zatsopano. Anatulukira zinthu monga njira yopangira mfundo yochititsa zinthu zimene zalumikizana pamfundoyo kuzungulira kulowera mbali iliyonse, ndipo mfundoyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano m’magalimoto. Anatulukiranso njira yowonjezera ndi kuchepetsera mphamvu ya kuwala kolowa mu kamera, ndipo anatulukiranso sipuling’i ya mawiro a mu wotchi ya mivi. Ndi iyeyonso amene anatulukira mfundo yakuti kutanuka kwa chinthu monga sipuling’i kumagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zimene munachitanulira ndipo mpaka panopo anthu akugwitsirabe ntchito njira ya masamu imene iyeyu anatulukira yowerengetsera zimenezi. Hooke ndi amenenso anatulukira pampu pofuna kuti Robert Boyle aigwiritse ntchito. Boyle anali Mngelezi yemwenso analinso katswiri wa zasayansi.

Koma chimodzi mwa zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri zimene Hooke anatulukira ndicho njira yokonzera makina oonera zinthu zing’onozing’ono okhala ndi magalasi awiri okulitsira zinthu. Ndipo pambuyo  pake Christopher Cock, yemwe anali mmisiri wotchuka ku London anapanga makinawa. Pogwiritsira ntchito makinawa, Hooke anayambitsa mawu akuti “selo” pofotokoza tinthu ting’onoting’ono tomwe amagwiritsa ntchito popanga zitsekerero za mabotolo zopangidwa ku zisa za njuchi. Kenaka mawuwa anayamba kutanthauza tinthu timene tili maziko a chamoyo chilichonse.

Buku la Hooke lakuti Micrographia (Tizithunzi Tating’ono), lomwe linafalitsidwa mu 1665, linachititsa kuti atchuke adakali wamng’ono. M’bukuli, Hooke anajambulamo zithunzi zokongola kwambiri zomwe anaona ndi makina ake oonera zinthu zing’onozing’ono ndipo zithunzizo zinali zosonyeza mmene tizilombo timabadwira ndi kukulira. Chithunzi chotchuka kwambiri chimene iye anajambula chinali chithunzi cha nthata. Chithunzicho n’chachikulu masentimita 30 m’lifupi ndi masentimita 45 m’litali ndipo chimaonetsa zikhadabo za nthatayo, tsitsi la miyendo yake, ndiponso chikamba chake. Anthu olemera a panthawiyo sanamvetse atawerenga m’bukumo kuti nthawi zambiri tizilombo timeneti timakhala m’matupi mwa anthu. Ndipo akuti azimayi ena anakomoka ataona chithunzicho.

Atayerekezera nsonga ya singano yopangidwa ndi anthu ndi nsonga za zinthu zina zachilengedwe, Hooke analemba kuti: “Pogwiritsa ntchito makina oonera zinthu zing’onozing’ono tingathe kuona nsonga zambirimbiri zosongoka kwambiri zedi” poyerekezera ndi nsonga ya singano. Iye anatchula za cheya cha tizilombo ndi masamba a zomera. Anati “chilengedwe chimenechi” chimasonyeza kuti Mlengi ndi wamphamvuyonse. Buku la Encyclopædia Britannica linati, “kwa nthawi yoyamba,” makina oonera zinthu zing’onozing’ono atisonyeza “zinthu zodabwitsa kwambiri zam’chilengedwe, zovuta kwambiri kuzimvetsa.”

Hooke anali munthu woyamba kutenga zinthu zakale zokwiririka pansi n’kuziunika pamakina oonera zinthu zing’onozing’ono, ndipo atatero anazindikira kuti zinthuzi zimakhala zidutswa za zomera kapena zamoyo zimene zinafa kalekale. Buku la Micrographia lili ndi mfundo zinanso zambiri zochititsa chidwi zasayansi. Ndipotu, wolemba wina wa m’nthawi ya Hooke, dzina lake Samuel Pepys anati buku la Micrographia “ndilo buku lolembedwa mwaluso kwambiri pa mabuku onse amene ndawerengapo.” Allan Chapman, wolemba mbiri ya zasayansi ku Oxford University, ananena kuti buku limeneli ndi “limodzi mwa mabuku amene akhudza kwambiri moyo wa anthu a masiku ano.”

Kumanganso London

Moto woopsa utawononga mzinda wa London mu 1666, Hooke anasankhidwa kuti akhale woyeza malo pomanga zinthu. Iye anagwira ntchito limodzi ndi Christopher Wren, yemwe anali  wasayansi mnzake ndipo ankagwira ntchito kwa mfumu monga woyeza malo, pomanganso mzindawo. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zimene Hooke anakonza ku London ndi chipilala chachitali mamita 62, chomwe anachimanga kuti azikumbukira motowo. Cholinga cha Hooke popanga chipilalachi, chomwe n’chipilala chachitali kwambiri pa dziko lonse pa zipilala zoima zokha popanda michirikizo iliyonse, chinali choyesa mfundo zake zokhudza mphamvu ya dziko yokokera zinthu pansi.

Ngakhale kuti anthu amati Wren ndiye anamangitsa chinyumba cha bungwe la Royal Observatory Greenwich, Hooke anachita ntchito yaikulu kwambiri polemba mapulani ake. Nyumba inanso imene Hooke analemba mapulani ake ndi nyumba yoyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale zochititsa chidwi ku Britain, yotchedwa Montague.

Hooke anapita patsogolo kwambiri pa sayansi yoona zinthu zakuthambo ndipo anali mmodzi mwa anthu amene anakonza makina oonera zinthu zakuthambo a galasi langati galasi lodzionerapo. Makinawa anawatcha dzina la katswiri wa masamu ndi sayansi ya zakuthambo wa ku Scotland, dzina lake James Gregory. Hooke anaona kuti pulaneti ya Jupiter imazungulira ngati nguli, ndipo zithunzi za Hooke za pulaneti ya Mars zinagwiritsidwa ntchito patatha zaka 200 pofuna kudziwa liwiro la pulanetiyo ikamazungulira.

N’chifukwa Chiyani Anaiwalika?

Mu 1687, Isaac Newton anafalitsa buku lakuti Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. M’bukuli, lomwe linatulutsidwa patatha zaka 22 Hooke atalemba buku lake lakuti Micrographia, Newton analongosolamo mfundo za kayendedwe ka zinthu m’chilengedwe chonse, kuphatikizapo mfundo zokhudza mphamvu ya dziko yokokera zinthu pansi. Koma monga ananenera Allan Chapman, Hooke “anatulukira zinthu zambiri zokhudza mphamvu ya dziko yokokera zinthu pansi, Newton asanazitulukire.” Zomwe Hooke anatulukira n’zimenenso zinachititsa kuti Newton ayambe kufufuza zinthu zokhudza mmene kuwala kumayendera.

N’zomvetsa chisoni kuti anthu awiriwa anasiya kugwirizana chifukwa chosamvana pa za kayendedwe ka kuwala ndiponso za mphamvu ya dziko yokokera zinthu pansi. Newton anachita kufika pochotsa dzina la Hooke m’buku lake lakuti Mathematical Principles. Buku lina linati Newton anayesanso kufafaniza dzina la Hooke pa ntchito zonse zimene anachita zothandiza pa sayansi. Kuphatikizanso apo, Newton atangokhala mkulu wa bungwe la Royal Society anawononga zida za Hooke, zomwe zambiri mwa izo anachita kupanga pamanja, zolemba zake zambiri ndiponso chithunzi cha nkhope ya Hooke. Ichi chinali chithunzi chokhacho chenicheni cha Hooke. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, Hooke sanamvekenso kwa zaka zoposa 200.

Koma n’zovuta kumvetsa kuti mawu amene Newton amadziwika nawo kwambiri anawalemba m’kalata yopita kwa Hooke, pa February 5, 1675, ndipo mawuwo ndi akuti: “Ngati pali chilichonse chapatali chimene ndaonapo, ndachiona chifukwa chokwera pamapewa pa zimphona.” Inde, Robert Hooke anali chimphona cha nthawi imeneyo pa zinthu monga kulemba mapulani a nyumba, sayansi ya zakuthambo, sayansi yofufuza zinthu, kutulukira zinthu zatsopano, ndiponso kuyeza malo.

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Zithunzi zimene Hooke anajambula za thovu limene limapanga chipale chofewa ndiponso za madzi oundana

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Makina oonera zinthu zing’onozing’ono amene Hooke anajambula

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Hooke ndiye anayambitsa mawu akuti “selo” pofotokoza tinthu ting’onoting’ono tomwe amagwiritsa ntchito popanga zitsekerero za mabotolo zopangidwa kuchokera ku zisa za njuchi

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Buku la Hooke lakuti “Micrographia” linali ndi zithunzi zosonyeza zimene iye ankaona pa makina oonera zinthu zing’onozing’ono

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Nthata zambiri zimakhala zazikulu chonchi

Akuti azimayi anakomoka ataona nthata imene Hooke anajambula

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Nyumba ya Montague ndi imodzi mwa nyumba zimene pulani yake analemba ndi Hooke

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Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Hooke chofotokozera mfundo yake ya kutanuka kwa zinthu

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Chipilala chachikumbutso cha ku London ndi chipilala chachitali kwambiri padziko lonse pa zipilala zoima zokha popanda michirikizo iliyonse

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Nyumba ya Royal Observatory

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Spring, microscope, and snowflakes: Images courtesy of the Posner Memorial Collection, Carnegie Mellon University Libraries

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Images courtesy of the Posner Memorial Collection, Carnegie Mellon University Libraries

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Spring diagram: Image courtesy of the Posner Memorial Collection, Carnegie Mellon University Libraries; London’s Memorial Tower: Matt Bridger/DHD Multimedia Gallery; Royal Observatory: © National Maritime Museum, London