Njira Zatsopanozi Zabweretsanso Mavuto Atsopano

Tangoganizirani mmene limamvera banja limene likufunitsitsa kukhala ndi mwana koma silingathe chifukwa choti mwamuna kapena mkaziyo ndi wosabereka. Iwo angafufuze zimene asayansi ya zamankhwala apeza ndipo angapeze kuti pali njira zambiri zosiyanasiyana zimene zatulukiridwa zothandiza anthu osabereka. Kodi zili n’kanthu kuti asankha njira iti?

MASIKU ano mabanja osabereka ali ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito njira zimene zaka zingapo zapitazo kunalibe. Koma zimenezi zimabweretsanso funso lofunika kwambiri lakuti, Kodi njira zothandizira anthu osabereka zimabweretsa mavuto otani okhudza chikumbumtima ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu? Koma tisanayankhe funso limeneli, tiyeni tione mmene zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana zimaonera njira zimenezi.

Kodi Zipembedzo Zikuti Chiyani?

Mu 1987, Tchalitchi cha Katolika chinafalitsa chikalata chofotokoza mmene njira zothandizira anthu osabereka zimakhudzirana ndi khalidwe limene anthu amalivomereza kuti n’loyenera. Chikalatacho, chomwe dzina lake ndi Donum Vitae (Mphatso ya Moyo), chinati ngati njirayo imathandiza kuti mwamuna ndi mkazi akhale ndi mwana akakhalira limodzi, njira imeneyo ndiye kuti ndi yabwino. Koma, chikalatacho chinati ngati njirayo imawathandiza kukhala ndi mwana popanda kukhalira limodzi, ndiye kuti ndi yolakwika. Malinga ndi maganizo ameneŵa, kuchitidwa opaleshoni yotsegula njira zotsekeka zopita ku chiberekero kapena kumwa mankhwala othandiza munthu kuti abereke n’kwabwino, koma kuphatikiza mazira ndi ubwamuna kunja kwa thupi la mayi n’kulakwa.

Chaka chotsatiracho, komiti ya nyumba ya malamulo ya ku United States inafunsa zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana kuti imve maganizo awo pa njira zothandizira anthu osabereka. Lipoti lawo lomaliza linasonyeza kuti zipembedzo zambiri zinavomereza kutsatira njira zodziŵika bwino zamankhwala, kuika m’thupi mwa mayi ubwamuna wa mwamuna wake, ndi kuphatikiza mazira ndi ubwamuna kunja kwa thupi la mayiyo malinga ngati mazira ndi ubwamunawo ndi za anthu aŵiri okwatiranawo. Kuwonjezera apo, zambiri mwa zipembedzo zimene zinafunsidwazo zinati kutaya miluza, kuika ubwamuna wochita kupatsidwa ndi mwamuna wina m’thupi la mayi, ndiponso kukhala mayi woberekera mwana mayi wina n’kulakwa. *

Mu 1997, bungwe loimira tchalitchi cha Pulotesitanti, Anglican, ndi Orthodox lotchedwa European Ecumenical Commission for Church and Society (EECCS), linafotokoza m’chipepala chonena za maganizo awo kuti matchalitchiŵa ali ndi maganizo osiyanasiyana pa nkhani ya njira zothandizira anthu osabereka kuti abereke. Chikalatacho chinagogomezera kuti chikumbumtima cha munthu aliyense payekha n’chimene chiyenera kutsatiridwa ndiponso kuti imeneyi ndi nkhani yokhudza udindo wa munthu aliyense payekha, ndipo chinati: “Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti n’zovuta kutchula maganizo amodzi a matchalitchi a m’bungwe la EECCS. M’malomwake, pali maganizo osiyanasiyana.”

Choncho n’zachionekere kuti pa nkhani ya njira zothandizira anthu osabereka kuti abereke, pali maganizo ambiri osiyanasiyana. Bungwe la World Health Organization, lomwe ndi nthambi ya bungwe la United Nations, linavomereza kuti nkhani ya njira zothandizira anthu osabereka kuti abereke “nthaŵi zonse imabutsa mafunso okhudza mfundo zimene anthu amati n’zovomerezeka, mfundo za makhalidwe abwino ndi za chikumbumtima,  ndiponso mfundo za malamulo.” Kodi zinthu zina zimene anthu ayenera kuganizira asanasankhe chochita pa nkhani ya njira zothandizira anthu osabereka n’ziti?

Kodi Mavuto Ake Ndi Otani?

Mfundo yofunika kuiganizira ndi mmene mluza wa munthu umakhalira. Zimenezi zikukhudzana ndi funso lofunika kwambiri loti, Kodi moyo umayamba liti? Kodi umayamba dzira likangokumana ndi ubwamuna kapena pa nthaŵi inayake munthu atatenga kale mimba? Yankho lake mosakayikira lingakhudze njira zimene mabanja ambiri angasankhe kutsatira. Mwachitsanzo, ngati amakhulupirira kuti moyo umayamba dzira likangokumana ndi ubwamuna, ndiye kuti pali mafunso ofunika kwambiri amene ayenera kuwaganizira.

● Kodi banjalo liyenera kulola madokotala kutsatira njira yofala yophatikiza mazira ambiri ndi ubwamuna kuposa amene akufuna kudzawaika m’chiberekero cha mayiyo, n’kusunga miluza yotsalayo kuti adzaigwiritse ntchito m’tsogolo?

● Kodi n’chiyani chingadzachitike kwa miluza yosungidwayo ngati banjalo silingathenso kapena silikufunanso kukhala ndi ana ena?

● Kodi n’chiyani chingadzachitikire miluza yosungidwayo ngati banjalo litatha kapena mmodzi wa iwo atamwalira?

● Ndani amene adzakhale ndi udindo waukulu choncho wotaya miluzayo?

Zoti achite ndi miluza imene sinagwiritsidwe ntchito kapena imene yasungidwa si nkhani yaing’ono ayi. Malamulo a m’mayiko ena masiku ano amati banjalo lilembe chikalata chosonyeza maganizo awo a zimene akufuna kuti zidzachitidwe ndi miluza yotsalayo, kaya akufuna kuti idzasungidwe, idzaperekedwe kwa anthu ena, idzagwiritsidwe ntchito pochita kafukufuku, kapena idzatayidwe. Mabanja ayenera kuzindikira kuti m’malo ena zipatala zothandiza anthu kubereka zimaloledwa kutaya popanda chilolezo cholembedwa chilichonse miluza yonse yosungidwa ngati yakhala zaka zopitirira zisanu. Masiku ano, pali miluza masauzande ambirimbiri imene ikusungidwa m’zipatala padziko lonse lapansi.

Nkhani ina yofunika kuiganizira ndi yoti mabanja angalimbikitsidwe kupereka miluza yawo yotsala kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pochita kafukufuku wa maselo amene amadzasanduka ziwalo zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe loona za anthu osabereka lotchedwa American Infertility Association, limalimbikitsa  mabanja kuti azipereka miluza yawo imene sanaigwiritse ntchito kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pochita kafukufuku. Cholinga chimodzi cha kafukufuku wa maselo a miluza amene amadzasanduka ziwalo zosiyanasiyana n’chofuna kupeza njira zatsopano zochiritsira matenda. Koma kafukufuku ameneyu anthu ambiri sagwirizana naye chifukwa akamachotsa maselo ameneŵa mluzawo nthaŵi zambiri umawonongeka. *

Luso lina latsopano lokhudza kufufuza kapangidwe ka maselo likubutsanso nkhani zina zokhudza chikumbumtima. (Onani bokosi lakuti “Bwanji Nkhani Yosankha Miluza Yoyenera Kuika M’chiberekero cha Mayi?”) Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani za njira imene amaunika kapangidwe ka maselo a miluza kuti asankhe imene ili yabwino, mwina imene ili yaikazi kapena yaimuna kapena imene ilibe matenda enaake, n’kuisankha kuti imeneyo ndiyo imene ayenera kuiika m’chiberekero cha mayi. Anthu osagwirizana ndi njira imeneyi akuchenjeza kuti zimenezi zingachititse tsankho lodana ndi  akazi kapena amuna kapena zingadzagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti mabanja azisankha ana okhala ndi zinthu zimene iwo akufuna, monga a tsitsi kapena maso a mtundu wakutiwakuti. Njira imeneyi imabutsa funso lokhudza chikumbumtima lakuti, Chimachitika n’chiyani kwa miluza imene sinasankhidweyo?

Kodi Zingasokoneze Chikondi Pakati pa Mwamuna ndi Mkazi M’banja?

Poganizira njira zina zothandizira anthu osabereka, pali mbali inanso yofunika kuiona bwino. Kodi kukhala ndi mayi woberekera mwana mayi wina, kapena ubwamuna kapena mazira ochita kuperekedwa ndi munthu wina, zingakhudze bwanji chikondi cha mwamuna ndi mkazi m’banjamo? Pobereka mwana, njira zina zimalowetsapo munthu wachitatu (wopereka mazira kapena ubwamuna mmodzi) kapena ngakhale wachinayi (wina wopereka mazira ndi wina wopereka ubwamuna) ngakhale wachisanu (wopereka mazira, wopereka ubwamuna, ndi mayi woberekera mwana mayi wina).

Pa njira zimene zimagwiritsa ntchito mazira kapena ubwamuna wochita kupatsidwa, anthu amene akulowetsedwa nawo ayenera kuganizira mfundo zinanso.

● Kodi m’tsogolo makolowo angadzamve bwanji popeza munthu mmodzi yekha pa aŵiriwo ndiye kholo lenileni la mwanayo, kapena aŵiri onsewo si makolo enieni?

● Kodi mwanayo adzamva bwanji akadzadziŵa kuti anabadwa m’njira yachilendo yoteroyo?

● Kodi mwanayo auzidwe za mmene anabadwira ndi kuloledwa kufufuza mayi ake kapena bambo ake enieni?

● Kodi anthu ena amene anapereka mazira kapena ubwamunawo ali ndi ufulu ndi udindo wotani pa mwanayo?

Bwanji Nkhani Yoti N’zachinsinsi?

M’mayiko ambiri saulula munthu amene wapereka mazira kapena ubwamuna. Bungwe lotchedwa Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, limene limayendetsa zinthu zokhudza mazira ndi ubwamuna ku Britain, linafotokoza kuti: “Pokhapokha ngati anthu achita kusankha dala munthu amene akumudziŵa kuti awapatse mazira kapena ubwamuna ndipo munthuyonso akuwadziŵa, anthu opereka mazira ndi ubwamuna pakadali pano ndiponso kuyambira kale sadziŵika kwa mabanja amene alandira mazira kapena ubwamunawo, ndiponso kwa ana amene angabadwe kuchokera ku zinthu zimenezi.”

Komabe, kusaulula kumeneku kwayambitsa kusemphana maganizo kwakukulu m’malo ena. Mayiko angapo asintha malamulo awo chifukwa cha zimenezi. Anthu amene sagwirizana ndi kusaulula kumeneku amati ana ayenera kudziŵa zonse zokhudza kumene anachokera. Lipoti lina linati: “Anthu opitirira 80 mwa anthu 100 alionse amene sanaleredwe ndi makolo awo enieni amafufuza azibale awo, ndipo ambiri a iwo amafuna kukhutiritsa chilakolako chawo chofuna kudziŵa kumene anachokera, chomwe anthu ambiri amakhala nacho. Pafupifupi anthu 70 mwa anthu 100 alionse amafuna kudziŵa zinthu zofunika zokhudza banja lawo zimene zingawadziŵitse za matenda otengera kwa makolo, amene makolo awo angakhale kuti anali nawo.”

Lipoti lina, limene analilemba atafunsa anthu achikulire 16 amene anabadwa pogwiritsa ntchito mazira kapena ubwamuna wochita kupatsidwa ndi munthu wina, linati “ambiri a iwo anaipidwa kwambiri atazindikira mmene anabadwira.” Lipotilo linapitiriza kuti: “Ambiri mwa anawo ankavutika kudziŵa kuti iwowo ndi ndani kwenikweni ndipo ankaona ngati makolo awo enieni anangowanyanyala. Ankamva kuti mabanja awo anawanamiza ndipo sangawakhulupirirenso.”

Kodi Musankha Kuchita Chiyani?

Sayansi ya zamankhwala mosakayikira itulukira zinthu zina zambiri zokhudza njira zothandizira anthu osabereka kuti abereke. Anthu ena akuganiza kuti m’tsogolo muno, ana 30 pa ana 100 alionse azidzabadwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zimenezi. Kusagwirizana maganizo kumene kulipo pa nkhani imeneyi kokhudza chikumbumtima ndi chikhalidwe kupitirirabe.

Akristu oona amatsatira mfundo ina yofunika kwambiri—mmene Mlengi, amene anakonza zoti anthu aziberekana, amaionera nkhani imeneyi. (Salmo 36:9) N’zoona kuti Baibulo silitchula mwachindunji njira zothandizira anthu osabereka kuti abereke, chifukwa pamene Baibulo linkalembedwa njira zimenezi kunalibe. Komabe, m’Baibulo muli mfundo zomveka bwino zimene zimasonyeza maganizo a Mulungu pa nkhani imeneyi. (Onani bokosi lakuti “Kodi Baibulo Limati Chiyani?”) Mfundo zoterozo zimatithandiza kusankha zinthu zimene zili zabwino ndiponso zimene zimatichititsa kukhala ndi chikumbumtima chabwino pamaso pa Mulungu.—1 Timoteo 1:5.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 24]

Kodi Moyo Umayamba Liti?

Anthu ena amanena kuti kuyambira pamene dzira ndi ubwamuna zakumana mpaka tsiku la 14, mluza umakhala usanapangike. Kenako, kuyambira tsiku la 14 mpaka kumapeto kwa mlungu wa eyiti ndiye umakhala mluza. Kuyambira pamenepa kumapita m’tsogolo umatchedwa kamwana. N’chifukwa chiyani amanena kuti mluza umayambira pa tsiku la 14?

Malinga ndi zimene inanena magazini yotchedwa International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, iwo amanena zimenezi “kuti akhale ndi chifukwa chowaloleza kugwiritsa ntchito miluza pochita kafukufuku” masiku 14 oyambirira kuchokera pamene dzira lakumana ndi ubwamuna. Buku lina limati: “Tikanena kuti mluza ndi chinthu chimene chimadzasanduka mwana, zigawo zake zoyambirira sizipangika mpaka patatha milungu iŵiri kuchoka pamene ubwamuna wakumana ndi dzira.” Koma kodi tingati zimene zimapangika milungu iŵiri yoyambirira zimenezi ndi mulu wa maselo chabe, woti ulibenso ntchito ina kupatulapo kupangira kafukufuku basi? Taganizirani zimene zimakhala zikuchitikadi pa milungu iŵiri imeneyo.

Ubwamuna ukaloŵa m’kati mwa dzira, pamatenga pafupifupi maola 24 kuti zinthu za m’kati mwa ubwamuna ndi dzira zisanganikirane n’kusanduka selo limodzi. Pamasiku angapo otsatira, selolo limagawanika n’kusanduka maselo ambiri. Pomatha masiku anayi kapena asanu ubwamuna ndi dzira zitakumana, m’bulu wa maselo uja umasanduka kanthu kangati kampira (kakang’ono kwambiri kuposa diso la singano) kokhala ndi khungu la maselo kunja kwake ndi maselo ena m’kati mwake. Maselo ambiri akunjawo amadzasanduka zinthu zina zothandiza mwanayo, koma maselo a m’kati ndi amene amadzasanduka mwana weniweniyo.

Pakatha mlungu umodzi kuchoka pamene dzira ndi ubwamuna zinakumana, kanthu kangati kampira kaja kamadzimamatiza ku chiberekero, ndipo kamayamba kukonza nsapo, imene imagwira ntchito yotenga mpweya ndi chakudya m’magazi a mayi ndi kutulutsa zoipa m’thupi la mwanayo. Malinga ndi zimene limanena buku lakuti Incredible Voyage—Exploring the Human Body, pomafika tsiku la nayini, maselo am’kati aja amayamba “ntchito yopanga munthu watsopano.” Bukulo limawonjezera kuti: “Maselo pafupifupi 20 amenewo ayenera kusintha n’kusanduka maselo apadera kwa masiku asanu kapena asanu ndi limodzi oyambirira kuti apange mbali yoyamba ya mluza weniweniwo.” Choncho pamapeto pa mlungu wachiŵiri, “mbali yoyamba” imeneyi, imene idzasanduke ubongo wa mwanayo, imayamba kuoneka.

Chifukwa cha kukonzekera kwatsatanetsatane kumeneku, kumene kumachitika m’kati mwa mluza ukangoyambika kumene, ena amati “palibe chochitika chimodzi chimene tinganene kuti m’pamene mluza watsopano wa munthu umayambira.”

Koma Akristu oona amakhulupirira kuti moyo umayamba dzira ndi ubwamuna zikangokumana. Mfundo yoti selo loyambalo limakhala ndi malangizo olithandiza kukonza nsapo, kudzimamatiza ku chiberekero, kulumikizana ndi mitsempha ya magazi ya amayi, ndi kuchita zinthu zina, imawachititsa kulemekeza kwambiri Yehova Mulungu, Wokonza Zinthu wapamwamba zedi.

[Chithunzi]

Mluza wa munthu wa masiku atatu (wakulitsidwa nthaŵi pafupifupi 400)

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Courtesy of the University of Utah Andrology and IVF Laboratories

 [Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 25]

BWANJI NKHANI YOSANKHA MILUZA YOYENERA KUIKA M’CHIBEREKERO CHA MAYI?

Zinthu zatsopano zimene zikuchitika pa nkhani yophatikiza ubwamuna ndi dzira kunja kwa thupi la mayi n’zoti ayamba kumaunika kapangidwe ka maselo a miluza ndiyeno n’kusankha mluza umene akuona kuti ndi wabwino n’kuuika m’chiberekero. Pothirirapo ndemanga pa zimene zikuchitikazi, buku lakuti Choosing Assisted Reproduction—Social, Emotional and Ethical Considerations, limafotokoza kuti:

“Posachedwapa [asayansi] azitha kudziŵa kaonekedwe, nzeru, ndiponso mwina maganizo ndi khalidwe limene mwana adzakhale nalo pounika mluza wake. Choncho posachedwapa makolo azidzatha kusankha ana a makhalidwe amene iwowo akufuna. Anthu angamvetse chifukwa chimene makolo amene ali ndi matenda enaake oti angapatsire ana awo angafunire kugwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi. Koma anthu ambiri sakugwirizana nazo zogwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi kuti makolo azitha kusankha mwana wa mtundu umene iwowo akufuna, mwachitsanzo, kusankha mwana wamwamuna kapena wamkazi, ndipo mwina m’tsogolo muno, kusankha mwana amene ali ndi maso a buluu, waluso la zoimbaimba, kapena wam’tali.

“Nkhani yosankha miluza yoyenera kuika m’chiberekero cha mayi yabutsa funso loti, kodi tiyenera kuchita chinthu chinachake kokha chifukwa chakuti tingathe kuchichita? . . . Vuto lilipo n’loti kodi tilekezere pati pogwiritsa ntchito luso lapamwamba limeneli, limene sitikudziŵa kuti m’tsogolo muno zotsatirapo zake zidzakhala zotani.”

 [Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 26]

KODI BAIBULO LIMATI CHIYANI?

N’zoona kuti Baibulo silitchula mwachindunji njira zamakono zothandizira anthu kubereka. Komabe, limatithandiza kudziŵa maganizo a Mulungu pa nkhani zinazake zofunika. Ndipo kudziŵa mayankho a mafunso aŵiri ofunika kwambiri kungathandize Akristu oona kusankha zinthu zokondweretsa Mulungu.

Kodi moyo wa munthu umayamba liti? Baibulo limasonyeza kuti moyo umayamba dzira ndi ubwamuna zikangokumana. Taonani zimene analemba wamasalmo Davide, amene anauziridwa kunena mawu otsatiraŵa ponena za Mulungu: “Ndisanaumbidwe ine maso anu anandipenya, ziwalo zanga zonse zinalembedwa m’buku mwanu.” (Salmo 139:16) Taonaninso lemba la Eksodo 21:22, 23, limene m’chinenero chake choyambirira limasonyeza kuti munthu ankakhala ndi mlandu akavulaza mwana wosabadwa. Zimene tingaphunzire pamenepa n’zoti Mlengi wathu amaona kuti moyo ndi chinthu cha mtengo wapatali, ngakhale kumayambiriro kwenikweni pamene munthu akupangika m’chiberekero. M’maso mwa Mulungu, kutaya dala mluza n’chimodzimodzi ndi kuchotsa mimba. *

Kodi pali malamulo alionse okhudza mmene munthu angagwiritsire ntchito mphamvu yake yobereka? Tingapeze maganizo a Mulungu pa Levitiko 18:20, pamene pamati: “Usagona naye [“usapereke ubwamuna wako kwa,” NW] mkazi wa mnansi wako, kudetsedwa naye limodzi.” Mfundo yeniyeni mu lamulo la m’Malemba limenelo ndi yoti: Ubwamuna wa munthu suyenera kuloŵetsedwa m’thupi la munthu wina aliyense kupatulapo mkazi wake, ndipo mkazi sayenera kubereka mwana wa munthu wina aliyense kupatulapo wa mwamuna wake. Kunena kwina tingati, mphamvu yobereka siyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandiza munthu wina aliyense kupatulapo munthu amene unakwatirana naye. Choncho Akristu oona amapeŵa kukhala mayi woberekera mwana mayi wina komanso njira zilizonse zimene zimagwiritsa ntchito ubwamuna, mazira, kapena miluza yochita kupatsidwa ndi munthu wina amene si mkazi wako kapena mwamuna wako. *

Posankha njira yowathandiza kuti abereke, Akristu oona ayenera kuganizira mosamala kwambiri mmene Mulungu amaionera nkhaniyo malinga ndi zimene Baibulo limanena. * Ayenera kutero chifukwa Mulungu ndiye Woyambitsa ukwati ndi banja.—Aefeso 3:14, 15.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi patsamba 23]

Miluza youmitsidwa m’firiji yomwe ikusungidwa

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

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