Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Tsankho

“Mukathamangitsa tsankho kulitulutsira pakhomo, limabwereranso n’kuloŵera pawindo.”—Anatero Frederick Wamkulu, Mfumu ya ku Prussia.

RAJESH amakhala ku Paliyad, mudzi winawake wa ku India. Mofanana ndi anthu ena a fuko lake, fuko limene amati ndi lodetsedwa, iye amayenda kwa mphindi 15 kuti akatungire madzi banja lake. Iye anafotokoza kuti: “Sitiloledwa kutunga madzi pa mipope imene ili m’mudzi, imene anthu a mafuko apamwamba amagwiritsa ntchito.” Panthaŵi imene Rajesh anali pasukulu, iye ndi anzake sankakhudza ngakhale mpira umene ana a mafuko apamwamba ankaseŵerera. “M’malo mwake tinkaseŵera ndi miyala,” iye anatero.

Christina, mtsikana wa ku Asia amene akukhala ku Ulaya anati: “Ndikuona kuti anthu amadana nane, koma sindikudziŵa chifukwa chake.” Iye akupitiriza kuti: “N’zopweteka kwambiri. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, nthaŵi zambiri ndimakonda kungokhala ndekhandekha, koma kuchita zimenezi sikuthandizanso.”

Stanley, wa ku West Africa, anati: “Tsankho ndinalidziŵa ndili ndi zaka 16. Anthu oti sakundidziŵa n’komwe ankandiuza kuti ndichoke m’tawuni imene ndimakhala. Nyumba za anthu ena a fuko langa zinatenthedwa. Akaunti ya kubanki ya bambo anga anaitseka kuti asakatengekonso ndalama. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ndinayamba kudana ndi fuko limene linali kutisankhalo.”

Rajesh, Christina, ndi Stanley anavutika chifukwa cha tsankho, ndipo si okhawo ayi. Koichiro Matsuura, mkulu wa bungwe la United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), anafotokoza kuti, “anthu mamiliyoni ambiri akupitirizabe kuvutika masiku ano chifukwa cha kusankhana mitundu, kusalana, kudana ndi alendo, ndiponso kupatulana.” Iye anati, “makhalidwe osakhala aumunthu ameneŵa, amene amayamba chifukwa cha umbuli ndi maganizo olakwika, ayambitsa nkhondo zapachiweniweni m’mayiko ambiri ndipo abweretsa kuzunzika kosaneneka kwa anthu ambiri.”

Ngati simunavutikepo chifukwa cha tsankho, zingakuvuteni kuzindikira mmene limapwetekera. “Anthu ena amangopirira. Ena amabwezera mwa kuchitanso tsankho,” linatero buku lotchedwa Face to Face Against Prejudice. Kodi tsankho limawononga bwanji miyoyo ya anthu?

Ngati fuko lanu ndi la anthu ochepa poyerekezera ndi mafuko ena, mungaone kuti anthu amakuyang’anani moipidwa, kapena amanena zinthu zonyoza chikhalidwe chanu. Mungavutike kupeza ntchito, pokhapokha ngati mulolera kugwira ntchito yotsika imene anthu ena saifuna. Mwina n’zovuta kupeza nyumba  yabwino yokhala. Ana anu angamaone kuti amasalidwa ndipo akakhala kusukulu, ana ena a m’kalasi mwawo safuna kucheza nawo.

Choipa kuposa pamenepa n’choti tsankho lingachititse anthu kuchita zinthu zachiwawa, ngakhale kupha kumene. Ndipo mbiri ya anthu ili ndi zitsanzo zambiri zoipa za chiwawa chimene tsankho limabweretsa, kuphatikizapo kupha anthu ambiri, kupulula mitundu ya anthu, ndi zimene amazitcha kuyeretsa mafuko.

Tsankho Lakhalapo Kuyambira Kale

Panthaŵi inayake Akristu ndi amene ankadedwa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Yesu atangofa kumene, Akristuwo anayamba kuzunzidwa mwankhanza. (Machitidwe 8:3; 9:1, 2; 26:10, 11) Zaka 200 izi zitachitika, anthu amene ankanena kuti anali Akristu anayamba kuzunzidwa kwambiri. Tertullian, mlembi wa m’zaka za m’ma 200, analemba kuti: “Pakagwa mliri, anthu amakuwa nthaŵi yomweyo kuti, ‘Akristu aponyedwe ku mikango.’”

Koma kuyambira m’zaka za m’ma 1000 pamene kunkachitika nkhondo ya pakati pa Akristu ndi Asilamu, Ayuda, amene analipo ochepa poyerekezera ndi mafuko ena, anayamba kudedwa ku Ulaya. Mliri wa makoswe utagwa ku Ulaya n’kupha anthu ambiri m’zaka zochepa, zinali zosavuta kunena kuti Ayuda ndi amene abweretsa mliriwo, chifukwa anali kudedwa kale ndi anthu ambiri. Mlembi wina dzina lake Jeanette Farrell analemba m’buku lake lotchedwa Invisible Enemies kuti: “Mliriwo unachititsa kuti akamadana ndi [Ayuda] akhale ndi chonamizira, ndipo chidani chimenechi chinachititsa anthu amene ankaopa mliriwo kunena kuti [Ayuda] ndi amene anauyambitsa.”

Pamapeto pake, Myuda wina kumwera kwa France atamuzunza kwambiri “anavomera” kuti Ayuda ndi amene anayambitsa mliriwo pothira poizoni m’zitsime. Ngakhale kuti zimene anavomerazo zinali zabodza, anthu anazifalitsa ngati zoona. Zotsatira zake zinali zoti pasanapite nthaŵi yaitali, Ayuda ambiri anaphedwa ku Spain, France, ndi ku Germany. Zikuoneka kuti palibe amene ankachita chidwi ndi choyambitsa chenicheni cha matendawo, chomwe chinali makoswe. Ndipo ndi anthu ochepa okha amene anaona kuti Ayudawo nawonso ankafa ndi mliriwo mofanana ndi anthu ena onse!

Tsankho likayamba, likhoza kukhalapobe kwa zaka zambiri. Pakati pa zaka za m’ma 1900, Adolf Hitler analimbikitsa mtima wodana ndi Ayuda ponena kuti  Ayuda ndi amene anachititsa kuti dziko la Germany ligonje pa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse. Pamapeto pa nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse, Rudolf Hoess, amene anali mkulu wa a Nazi woyang’anira msasa wa chibalo wa Auschwitz, anavomereza kuti: “Pa maphunziro athu ankhondo tinkakhulupirira kuti tiyenera kuteteza dziko la Germany kwa Ayuda.” Pofuna “kuteteza dziko la Germany,” Hoess anali ndi udindo woyang’anira kuphedwa kwa anthu pafupifupi 2,000,000, ndipo ambiri a iwo anali Ayuda.

N’zomvetsa chisoni kuti ngakhale kuti papita nthaŵi, kuzunzana sikunathebe. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1994, ku East Africa chidani chinabuka pakati pa mafuko a Atutsi ndi Ahutu, ndipo pamapeto pake anthu osachepera 500,000 anaphedwa. Magazini ya Time inati: “Panalibe kothaŵira. Anthu ambiri anaphedwa, ndipo magazi awo anayenderera m’matchalitchi amene ambiri a iwo anabisalamo. . . . Kumenyana kwake kunali kwa munthu ndi munthu mnzake, kuipa kwake kunali kosaneneka, ndipo anthu ake ankangofunitsitsa kuphana basi. Anthu amene anapulumuka pa kumenyana kumeneku anasokonezekeratu maganizo ndipo anasowa chonena.” Ngakhale ana sanatetezedwe pa chiwawa choopsa chimenechi. Munthu wina wokhala ku Rwanda anati: “Rwanda ndi kadziko kakang’ono kwabasi. Koma chidani chimene chili kuno chikuposa chidani chimene chili padziko lonse lapansi.”

Zipolowe zimene zinabuka panthaŵi imene dziko limene kale linali Yugoslavia linkagawidwa, zinachititsa kuti anthu opitirira 200,000 aphedwe. Anthu amene anakhala nyumba zoyandikana kwa zaka zambiri mwamtendere, anaphana. Azimayi ambiri anagwiriridwa, ndipo anthu mamiliyoni ambiri anathamangitsidwa m’nyumba zawo chifukwa cha mfundo za boma zankhanza zofuna kuyeretsa fuko.

Ngakhale kuti tsankho lambiri silichititsa anthu kufika mpaka pophana, ilo limagawanitsa anthu ndipo limayambitsa chidani. Ngakhale kuti masiku ano anthu a m’mayiko osiyanasiyana akuchitira zinthu zambiri limodzi, kusankhana mitundu “kukuoneka kuti kukuwonjezeka m’madera ambiri padziko lapansi,” linatero lipoti laposachedwapa la UNESCO.

Kodi pali chimene anthu angachite kuti tsankho lithe? Kuti tiyankhe funso limeneli, tiyenera kudziŵa mmene tsankho limayambira m’maganizo ndi m’mitima ya anthu.

[Bokosi patsamba 5]

Zizindikiro za Tsankho

M’buku lake lakuti The Nature of Prejudice, Gordon W. Allport anafotokoza makhalidwe asanu amene amabwera chifukwa cha tsankho. Munthu watsankho nthaŵi zambiri amasonyeza khalidwe limodzi kapena makhalidwe angapo mwa makhalidwe otsatiraŵa.

1. Kulankhula mawu onyoza. Munthu amalankhula zonyoza gulu limene amadana nalolo.

2. Kupeŵa. Amapeŵa aliyense wa m’gulu limenelo.

3. Kupatula ena. Amapatula anthu a gulu limene amadana nalolo kuti asamagwire ntchito zinazake, asamakhale m’madera ena ake, kapena asakhale ndi mwayi wopeza zinthu zina zowathandiza monga masukulu, malo oseŵerera, zipatala, ndi zina zotero.

4. Kuchita zachiwawa. Amachita nawo ziwawa, zimene cholinga chake n’kuopseza anthu amene amadana nawowo.

5. Kupulula anthu. Amalanga nawo anthu pongowapha, ndipo angaphe anthu ambiri, kapena kuchita nawo zinthu zimene cholinga chake n’kupulula fuko.

[Chithunzi patsamba 4]

Msasa wa anthu othaŵa kwawo wa Benaco, ku Tanzania, May 11, 1994

Mzimayi akupuma pafupi ndi zigubu zake zamadzi. Anthu opitirira 300,000, ambiri a iwo Ahutu a ku Rwanda, anathaŵira ku Tanzania.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Photo by Paula Bronstein/Liaison