Kodi Chikuchitika N’chiyani ndi Nyengoyi?

“Kusefukira kwa madzi koopsa ndiponso mphepo zamkuntho za masiku anozi zizichitika kaŵirikaŵiri.”—ANATERO THOMAS LOSTER, KATSWIRI PA NKHANI ZA MAVUTO OBWERA NDI MASOKA A ZANYENGO.

KODI n’kutheka kuti nyengoyi yasokonekera penapake? Ambiri amaona choncho. Katswiri wina wa zanyengo, Dr. Peter Werner, wa bungwe la Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research anati: “Tikayang’ana mmene nyengo ikukhalira padziko lonse, poona zinthu monga mvula yowononga, madzi osefukira, zilala, ndiponso mikuntho, ndiye n’kuganizira mmene zinthu zimenezi zakhala zikuchitikira m’mbuyomu, si kulakwa kunena kuti pa zaka 50 zapitazi mavuto ameneŵa aŵirikiza kanayi poyerekezera ndi m’mbuyomo.”

Anthu ambiri amaona kuti kusintha kwa nyengoku n’chizindikiro chakuti dziko lonse likumka litentha chifukwa cha kusokonekera kwa zimene zimachitika mumlengalenga zothandiza kuti padziko pazifunda bwino. Bungwe loona zachilengedwe la U.S. Environmental Protection Agency linalongosola kuti: “Zimene zimachitika mumlengalenga kuti dzikoli lizifunda bwino n’zakuti mitundu ina ya mpweya (monga ngati nthuzi ya madzi, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, ndi methane) mumlengalengamu imachititsa kuti dzuŵa likamawomba, kutentha kwake kusamathe msanga padzikoli. Patapanda mpweya wa mitundu imeneyi, kutenthaku kungathe kutuluka mwamsanga kwambiri padzikoli podutsa mumlengalenga ndipo dera lililonse padziko pano lingamazizire madigiri Seshazi 33 kuposa mmene limakhalira nthaŵi zonse.”

Komabe ambiri amati anthufe mwachimbulimbuli ndi amene tasokoneza zochitika zachilengedwezi. M’magazini ina ya pa Intaneti yotchedwa Earth Observatory yofalitsidwa ndi bungwe la U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration muli nkhani imene inanena kuti: “Kwa zaka zambiri mafakitale ndiponso galimoto zakhala zikutulutsa mpweya wambirimbiri umene umathandiza mumlengalenga kuti dzikoli lizifunda bwino . . . Asayansi ambiri amaona kuti kuchuluka kwa mpweya umenewu kwachititsa kuti dzikoli lizingotukutira chifukwa kutentha kwa dzuŵa kukumabwereranso padziko kukangofika mumlengalenga. Kwenikweni chikuchitika n’chakuti mpweya umenewu ukumasunga chifundizi cha dzuŵa monga mmene galasi la kutsogolo kwa galimoto limachitira ndi chifundizi cha dzuŵa choloŵa m’galimotomo.”

Anthu amene amatsutsana ndi mfundoyi amanena kuti ndi mpweya wochepa chabe wotere umene umapita mumlengalenga chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Komabe gulu la ofufuza zanyengo lotchedwa Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) lomwe limathandizidwa ndi mabungwe a World Meteorological Organization ndi United Nations Environment Programme linanena kuti: “Pali umboni watsopano ndiponso wosakayikitsa wosonyeza kuti pa zaka 50 zapitazi, makamaka zochita za anthu ndizo zakhala zikutenthetsa kwambiri dzikoli.”

Katswiri wina wa zanyengo, Pieter Tans wa bungwe la National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminstration anati: “Kunena mwachidule, ndingoti mbali yaikulu  kwambiri ya vutoli yabwera chifukwa cha zochita zathu. . . Mbali inayo yabwera chifukwa cha chilengedwechi pachokha.”

Zomwe Kutentha kwa Padziko Lonse Kungachititse

Nanga kodi pakuoneka zotani chifukwa cha mpweya umene umatenthetsa dziko, womwe wachuluka mumlengalengamu chifukwa cha zochita za anthu? Asayansi ambiri tsopano ayamba kuvomerezana kuti chikuchitika n’chakuti dzikoli likumka litentha. Kodi kutentha kumeneku kwachita kufika potani? Lipoti lomwe gulu la IPCC linatulutsa m’chaka cha 2001 linati: “Kuyambira cha kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1800, padziko lonse pawonjezeka kutentha ndi madigiri Seshazi 0.4 kufika 0.8.” Ofufuza ambiri amakhulupirira kuti n’zotheka kuti kuwonjezeka kochepaku n’kumene kukuchititsa kuti nyengo yathuyi isokonekere chonchi.

N’zoona kuti za nyengo ya padziko pano n’zovuta kwambiri kuzifotokoza, ndipo asayansi sangathe kufotokoza mosakayika n’komwe kuti kutentha kwa padziko lonse kumabweretsa zotani makamaka. Komabe ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kutentha kumeneku ndiko kukuchititsa kuti dera la kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi lino kugwe chimvula chambiri, kuti kukhale chilala ku Asia ndi kuno ku Africa, ndiponso kuti ku Pacific kuzichitikachitika mphepo ya El Niño.

M’pofunika Njira Yothandiza Padziko Lonse

Popeza kuti anthu ambiri amaona kuti vutoli labwera chifukwa cha zochita za anthu, kodi si ndiye kuti anthu ndiwonso angalithetse? M’madera ena anthu akhazikitsa kale malamulo ochepetsa utsi wochokera m’galimoto ndiponso m’mafakitale. Koma ngakhale kuti izi n’zoyamikika, sizinaphule kanthu kwenikweni. Vuto lowononga mpweya likuchitika padziko lonse, motero njira yolithetsera iyeneranso kukhala yothandiza padziko lonse! M’chaka cha 1992, ku Rio de Janeiro, kunachitika msonkhano woona za nkhani zotere wotchedwa Earth Summit. Patatha zaka teni, ku Johannesburg, South Africa, kunachitikanso msonkhano wina wotere wotchedwa World Summit on Sustainable Development. Pamsonkhano wa m’chaka cha 2002 umenewu panali nthumwi 40,000, kuphatikizapo atsogoleri pafupifupi 100 a mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Misonkhano yotereyi yathandiza kwambiri kuti asayansi agwirizane pa mfundo zambiri zokhudza nkhaniyi. Nyuzipepala ina ya ku Germany yotchedwa Der Tagesspiegel inalongosola kuti: “Ngakhale kuti poyamba paja [mu 1992] asayansi ambiri ankakayikira kuti dzikoli likutentha chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa mumlengalenga wothandiza kuti dziko lizifunda bwino, panopo ambiri mfundo imeneyi sayikayikiranso.” Komabe nduna ya zachilengedwe ku Germany, a Jürgen Trittin, ananena mawu otikumbutsa kuti njira yeniyeni yothetsera vutoli siinapezekebe. Iwo anati: “Msonkhano wa ku Johannesburg uja suyenera kungothera pa kukambirana pokha ayi,” ndipo anagogomezera kuti “koma tiyeneranso kumachitadi zinthu zimene tinakambiranazo.”

Kodi N’zotheka Kuletsa Kuwononga Chilengedwe?

Vuto la kutentha kwa dzikoli ndi limodzi chabe mwa mavuto ambiri amene anthufe tili nawo. N’zosavuta kunena kuti tiyeni tichitepo kanthu pa vutoli koma kuchitadi zimenezo n’kovuta. Katswiri wina wa ku Britain woona za maganizo osiyanasiyana a magulu a anthu dzina lake Jane Goodall, analemba kuti: “Popeza kuti panopo anthufe tazindikira kuti chilengedwe chathuchi tachiwononga kwambiri, tikuyesetsa kuchita zonse zimene tingathe pofuna kutulukira njira zaumisiri wamakono zothetsera vutoli.” Koma iye anachenjeza kuti: “Umisiri wamakono pawokha sungathetse vutoli. Tiyeneranso kuikirapo mtima kwambiri.”

Taganiziraninso za vuto la kutentha kwa dzikoli.  Njira zothandiza kuchepetsa kuwonongedwa kwa mlengalenga zimadya ndalama zambiri, choncho mayiko osauka sangathe n’komwe kuzikwanitsa. Motero akatswiri ena amaopa kuti malamulo otere angachititse kuti makampani athaŵire kumayiko osauka kumene angakapeze phindu lalikulu pa ntchito zawo. Choncho, ngakhale atsogoleri amene ali ndi zolinga zabwino ndithu, amatha kulephera kuchitira mwina pankhaniyi. Akati ateteze chuma cha dziko lawo ndiye kuti chilengedwe chiwonongeka. Kutinso alimbikire zoteteza chilengedwe, ndiye kuti chuma cha dziko lawo chiloŵa pansi.

Motero Severn Cullis-Suzuki, wa m’komiti yolangiza pa msonkhano wa World Summit uja ananena kuti sipangakhale kusintha kulikonse popanda aliyense payekha kuchitapo kanthu. Iye anati: “Kusintha kwenikweni pa nkhani ya chilengedwe kungachitike ndi anthufe. Nkhaniyi tisayisiye m’manja mwa atsogoleri athu ayi. Tiyenera kuganizira kuti udindo wathu patokha ngotani ndiponso kuti tingatani kuti zinthu zisinthe.”

Munthu aliyense wanzeru zake angaone kuti anthu ayenera kumasamalira chilengedwe. Koma kusintha anthu kuti azichitadi zimenezi n’kovuta. Mwachitsanzo, anthu ambiri amavomereza kuti magalimoto nawo amachititsa kuti dziko lizitentha. Motero mwina munthu angaganize zoti asamayendeyende pagalimoto yake kapena kuti asakhale n’komwe ndi galimoto. Komano nthaŵi zina m’povuta kwambiri kuchita zinthu ngati zimenezi. Wolfgang Sachs wa bungwe la Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment, and Energy posachedwapa anati: “Malo ambiri ofunika kupitako tsiku n’tsiku (monga kuntchito, kusukulu, kapena kumsika) amakhala motalikirana kwambiri moti sungathe kufikako popanda galimoto. . . . Moti nkhani apa si yakuti kodi anthu amafunikiradi kukhala ndi galimoto yawoyawo kapena ayi. Chifukwatu anthu ambiri sangathe kuchitira mwina.”

Pali asayansi ena monga Pulofesa Robert Dickinson wa ku sukulu yotchedwa School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences ya bungwe la Georgia Institute of Technology, amene amaganiza kuti mwina tachedwa nazo kale zofuna kuteteza dziko kuti lisawonongeke ndi kutenthaku. Dickinson amakhulupirira kuti ngakhale zowononga mlengalenga zitatha panopa, mavuto obwera chifukwa cha mbali imene yawonongedwa kale angapitirirebe kwa zaka 100 kutsogoloku!

Popeza kuti maboma ndiponso anthu paokhapaokha sangathetse vuto lowononga chilengedweli, kodi ndani nanga angalithetse? Kuyambira kalekale, anthu akhala akuyang’ana kumwamba kwa milungu yawo kuti iwathandize nyengo ikasokonekera. Ngakhale kuti uku kunali kungothedwa nzeru, zimenezi zimasonyeza mfundo yofunika kwambiri yakuti: Anthu amafunikira Mulungu kuti awathandize kuthetsa mavuto ameneŵa.

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 7]

“Pali umboni watsopano ndiponso wosakayikitsa wosonyeza kuti pa zaka 50 zapitazi makamaka zochita za anthu ndizo zakhala zikutenthetsa dzikoli”

[Bokosi patsamba 6]

“Kodi Kutentha kwa Dziko Kungabweretse Matenda?”

Nkhani ina m’magazini yotchedwa Scientific American inali ndi funso lochititsa chidwi limeneli. Nkhaniyi inanena kuti m’tsogolomu kutentha kwa dziko “kudzachulukitsa ndi kufalitsa matenda oopsa ambiri.” Mwachitsanzo, m’madera ena “anthu ofa ndi kutentha mwina adzachuluka moŵirikiza podzafika chaka cha 2020.”

Mfundo imene siikudziŵika bwino ndi ya mmene kutenthaku kungadzakhudzire matenda otha kufalikira kwa ena. “Zikuoneka kuti matenda ofalitsidwa ndi udzudzu m’tsogolo muno adzayamba kufala kwambiri,” chifukwa chakuti udzudzu “umaberekana mwamsanga ndipo umakonda kuluma kwambiri ngati kunja kwayamba kutentha. . . . Madera athunthu akayamba kutentha, udzudzu ungadzathe kuloŵerera ngakhale m’madera amene kale sukanatha kufikamo, n’kufalitsamonso matenda.”

Potsiriza, palinso mavuto obwera ndi madzi osefukira ndiponso chilala. Zinthu ziŵiri zonsezi zingachititse madzi kuwonongeka. N’zoonekeratu apa kuti nkhani ya kutentha kwa dziko njosafunika kuitenga mwamaseŵera ayi.

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Mpweya wothandiza kuti dzikoli lizifunda bwino ukachuluka mumlengalenga umachititsa kuti chifundizi chochoka padziko pano chingounjikana mumlengalenga osatha kupitirira kumwamba

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

NASA photo

[Zithunzi patsamba 7]

Anthufe, tauluzira mumlengalenga zinthu zambiri zowononga motero tawonjezera mpweya umene umafunditsa dzikoli