Kodi M’nkhalangozi Tingadulemo Mitengo Mosawononga?

KODI inuyo mumavomereza kuti odula mitengo ali ndi ufulu wowononga nkhalango zachilengedwe za m’madera otentha a padziko pano? N’zachidziŵikire kuti simungavomereze ngakhale pang’ono. Komatu akatswiri ena a zachilengedwe ali ndi mfundo yawo yonena kuti anthu ambiri okanawo kwenikweni amakhala kuti anavomereza kale m’njira zina, monga pogula zokhomakhoma za matabwa a mitengo yokongola komanso yotchuka ya m’nkhalango zachilengedwezi, osati ya m’nkhalango zochita kudzala.

Nthaŵi zambiri anthu amaganiza kuti kudula mitengo pakokha kumawononga nkhalango. Inde, n’zoona kuti nkhalango zambiri zimawonongeka chifukwa cha kudula mitengo komabe akuti zilipo nkhalango zina zimene anadulamo mitengo popanda kuwonongeka kwenikweni. Koma kodi nkhalango zachilengedwe za m’madera otentha sizingawonongeke podulamo mitengo? Choyamba tiyeni tione mmene kudula mitengo kungawonongere nkhalango.

Mmene Kungawonongere Nkhalango ndi Zinyama

Nthaŵi zina zimenezi zimachitika motere: Zimagalimoto zokonza misewu zimalambula misewu yoloŵa m’kati mwenimweni mwa nkhalango. Posakhalitsa odula mitengo amatulukira, makina odulira mitengo ali m’manja. Kampani yodula mitengo imapatsidwa chilolezo chodula mitengoyo kwa nthaŵi yochepa chabe, motero imawauziratu antchito ake kuti asasiye dala mtengo uliwonse woyenera malonda. Mitengoyi ikamagwa, imawononga kapena kukowa mitengo inzake chifukwa cha ziyangoyango. Kenaka, zimagalimoto zolemera za namatcheni zimaloŵerera m’nkhalango yoŵirirayo kuti zikasolole mitengoyo, ndipo potero dothi limatsendereka n’kufika poti pamalowo sipangamerenso chinthu bwinobwino.

Antchito odula mitengoyi nthaŵi zambiri amadya nyama kuposa anthu a m’midzi yozungulira nkhalangozi. Nyamazo amazisaka m’nkhalangozi ndipo nthaŵi zambiri amapha nyama zoti sangazimalize kudya. Misewu imene imasiyidwa ndi odula mitengoŵa imakafika m’malo amene poyamba anthu sankafikako. Zikatere alenje okhala ndi magalimoto ndiponso mfuti amatha kuloŵerera n’kukamalizitsa nyama zomwe zatsala. Ena amagwira nyama zing’onozing’ono ndiponso mbalame zomwe amakazigulitsa mokwera mtengo kwambiri kwa anthu ofuna kuŵeta nyama zotere. Kenaka kumafika anthu ambirimbiri osoŵa malo amene amapezerapo mwayi wodzakhala pa malo atsopanowo. Amadula mitengo ndiponso kutentha tchirelo mwachisawawa akamaswa mphanje ndipo potero mitengo yonse yotsalayo imatheratu moti kukagwa chimvula dothi lonse la chonde limakokoloka.

Zikatero ndiye kuti nkhalangoyo yathera pompo. Kudula mitengo kuja kunali poyambira chabe. Koma kodi kudula mitengo m’nkhalango zotere kumayeneradi kuziwononga chonchi?

Kudula Mitengo Mosawononga Nkhalango

Posachedwapa, nkhani yokhudza kudula mitengo mosawononga ndiponso mosasokoneza nkhalango ayamba kuiganizira kwambiri. Anthu akufuna kuti azidula mitengo mosawononga kwenikweni nkhalango ndi zamoyo zake. Potero nkhalangoyo imabwerera mwakale, moti zimatheka kudzadulamonso mitengo pakatha zaka makumi angapo. Amalonda ena masiku ano, chifukwa choikidwa pampanipani ndi anthu oteteza zachilengedwe, akumanena kuti matabwa amene akugulitsa ngochokera m’nkhalango zomwe zikudulidwa mosawononga. Ndiye tiyeni tione mmene amadulira mitengo m’nkhalango mosawononga.

Munthu wodziŵa bwino za nkhalango amaloŵera m’nkhalango pamodzi ndi anthu ena omuthandiza.  Magulu otere amakhalamo angapo ndipo amatha mwina miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ali m’nkhalangomo, n’kumalemba mitengo imene akufuna kudulamo. Kampani yawo imakhala kuti inalandira chilolezo choti ingathe kudula mitengo m’nkhalangoyo kwa nthaŵi yaitali ndithu moti antchitoŵa amakhala ndi nthaŵi yokwanira yolemba mitengoyo kuti nkhalangoyo isawonongeke.

Mkulu wodziŵa bwino za nkhalango uja amaupatsa nambala mtengo uliwonse woyenera kudulidwa ndipo amayenera kuudziŵa mtundu wake. M’nkhalangozi mumakhala mitundu yochuluka kwambiri ya mitengo, motero mkuluyu amayenera kukhala wodziŵa bwino za mitengo. Komano akafika pamenepa pamafunika zida zamakono.

Munthu wodziŵa uja amatenga kachipangizo kamene kamasonyeza pamene pali mtengowo ndipo m’kachipangizomo amalembamo kukula kwa mtengowo, mtundu wake ndiponso nambala yake. Akatero amangodina kabatani, basi nthaŵi yomweyo zimene walemba zija, kuphatikizapo pamene pali mtengopo, zimafika m’kompyuta imene imakhala ili mumzinda wina wa kutali kwambiri ndi nkhalangoyo.

Kenaka, pogwiritsira ntchito kompyuta, mkulu woyang’anira za nkhalangoyo amasindikiza mapu osonyeza mtengo uliwonse umene akufuna kuudula. Iyeyu amasankhapo mitengo yokhayo imene malamulo a boma angalole kuidula. Pa mitundu yambiri ya mitengo, malamulo amangolola kudulapo theka la mitengo imene ili yonenepa kupitirira mlingo winawake basi. Mitengo yakale ndiponso imene ikukula bwino kwambiri amaisiya kuti ikhale ya mbewu.

Koma kodi zingatheke bwanji kudula mitengo m’nkhalango popanda kuwononga nkhalangozo? Ili ndi funso limene olemba Galamukani! anafunsa Roberto, mkulu wodziŵa bwino zosamalira nkhalango amene tam’tchula m’nkhani yathu yoyamba ija. Iye anati: “Chachikulu n’kukhala ndi mapu. Pogwiritsira ntchito mapu odziŵira pamene pali mitengo yoyenera kudula timatha kudula mitengo m’njira yosawononga kwenikweni nkhalangoyo. Njira imeneyi imathandizanso kudziŵa mbali yodzagwetsera mtengowo kuti usadzawononge mitengo ina.

“Timathanso kukonzeratu njira yodzasololera mitengoyi ndi zingwe m’malo mwa mathirekitala amene amafunika kuti tipange misewu yokafika pa mtengo uliwonse umene tagwetsa. Asanagwetse mitengoyo amayamba adula kaye ziyangoyango zonse pamenepo ndipo amatero pa chifukwa chomwechija, chofuna kusawononga mitengo ina. Timati tikalemba mitengo yam’dera linalake n’kuyamba kuidula, pakatha chaka timachoka n’kupita kudera lina n’cholinga choti tisabwerere kudera limodzimodzi lomwelo mpaka padzathe zaka 20. Koma nkhalango zina zimafunika kuti pathe kaye zaka 30.”

Komano Roberto anachita kulembedwa ntchito ndi kampani inayake yodula mitengo. Olemba Galamukani! anam’funsa kuti: “Kodi anthu odula mitengo zimawakhudzadi zoteteza zinyama?”

Kuteteza Zinyama

Roberto anati, “Nkhalango siingakhale bwino popanda zinyama. Zinyama zimathandiza kubereketsa zomera ndiponso kufalitsa njere. Timayesetsa kwambiri kuti zinyama zisasokonezedwe. Mwachitsanzo, timalambula misewu yochepa chabe komanso imakhala yotalikirana. Timayesetsa kuti misewuyo ikhale yaing’ono ndithu kuti nthambi za mitengo yomera m’mbali zonse ziŵiri za msewuwo zizitha kukumana m’mwamba. Apa ndiye kuti apusi osiyanasiyana angathe kumadumphira tsidya lina la msewuwo popanda kutsika kaye m’mitengomo.”

Kenaka Roberto analoza malo enaake ooneka mosiyana ndi malo ena pamapu ake. Malo ameneŵa sayenera kudulidwa mtengo uliwonse. Malo enaake otetezedwa, monga a m’mphepete mwa mtsinje, amawasiya kuti nyama zizitha kuyendayenda m’nkhalango yoŵirira bwinobwino.

Iye anati: “Kuphatikiza pa malo ofunika amene ali m’mbali mwa mitsinje, timatetezanso mapanga, matanthwe komanso mitengo yakale yokhala ndi mphako, mitengo ya zipatso zina, tingoti timateteza china chilichonse chofunika kuti zomera ndi zinyama zosiyanasiyana zisafe. Pofuna kuletsa khalidwe losaka nyama mopanda chilolezo, antchito athu sitiwalola kukhala ndi mfuti, ndiponso timawabweretsera nyama pandege, kaya yang’ombe kapenanso yankhuku kuti asamafune kusaka nyama zam’tchire. Kenaka tikamaliza kudula dera linalake, timaitseka bwinobwino misewu yathu ija kuti alenje kapena anthu ena odula mitengo mosaloledwa asathe kuloŵa m’nkhalangomo.

“Ineyo, kumbali yanga, zimenezi zimandisangalatsa chifukwa chakuti ndimakhulupirira kuti ndi bwino  kusamala chilengedwe cha Mulungu. Koma pafupifupi zinthu zonse zimene ndalongosolazi n’zomwenso zili m’malamulo a m’mayiko osiyanasiyana othandiza kuti nkhalango zisamawonongedwe. Kuti kampani ipatsidwe chiphaso chosonyeza kuti ikudula mitengo mosawononga nkhalango, kampaniyo imayenera kukhutiritsa zofuna zonse za akuluakulu oyendera nkhalangozi a m’mabungwe opezeka m’mayiko osiyanasiyana.”

Kodi odula mitengo m’nkhalango zotetezedwa chonchi amapindula nayo ntchito imeneyi? Kupatulapo anthu ochepa chabe monga Roberto, omwe amadana nazo zomangodula mitengo mwachisawawa, odula mitengo ambiri safuna zowapatsa malamulo othandiza kuti asawononge zachilengedwe. Nthaŵi zambiri iwo amaona kuti malamulo otereŵa amangowalepheretsa kupeza phindu.

Komabe atafufuza m’dera la kum’maŵa kwa Amazonia, chakumapeto kwa m’ma 1990, anapeza kuti odula mitengo ankawononga ndalama zocheperapo akatsatira njira yolemba kaye mapu a mitengo yonse yoyenera kudulidwa, yoduliratu ziyangoyango zonse, ndiponso yosolola mitengoyo mosamala. Ichi n’chifukwa chakuti ankati akatero ntchito yonse inkayenda mwa myaa. Mwachitsanzo mitengo yoduladula imene inkasoŵa inali yochepa chabe. Nthaŵi zambiri popanda kulemba mapu a mitengo yoyenera kudulidwa, gulu lodula mitengo lingathe kudula mtengo koma gulu lokoka mitengo n’kulephera kudzauona chifukwa cha kuŵirira kwa nkhalangozi.

Chinanso n’chakuti matabwa amene ali ndi ziphaso zosonyeza kuti anachokera m’nkhalango zimene sadulamo mitengo mowononga savuta kugulitsa. Koma kodi kudula mitengo mosamala kumatetezadi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zachilengedwe? Kodi ndi zinyama zingati zimene zimapulumuka m’nkhalango zoterezi akadulamo mitengo m’njira imeneyi?

Kodi Zinyama Zimatha Kupulumuka Podula Mitengo?

N’zoona kuti m’nkhalango zotere, zachilengedwe zimadalirana kwambiri ndipo kudalirana kwawoku n’kovuta kukufotokoza. Komatu nthaŵi zina zimadabwitsa kuona mmene zachilengedwezi zimapiririra akamaziwononga. Mwachitsanzo, akadula mitengo mbali ina ya nkhalango n’kusiya mbali ina ili khale, mphukira za mitengo yodulidwayo zimadzakula n’kutseka mbali yodulidwayo. Nanga bwanji zinthu monga zinyama, mbalame ndiponso tizilombo tosiyanasiyana?

Mitundu ina ya zinthu zimenezi imasokonezedwa kwambiri, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri akamagwetsa mitengo zinyama ndiponso mbalame zimachepamo m’deralo. Komano kugwetsa mitengo mosamala nthaŵi zambiri sikusokoneza kwenikweni zamoyo zambiri. Ndipo pali zamoyo zina zimene zimachulukana kwambiri chifukwa cha mipata imene imapangika akadula mitengo. Atafufuza posachedwapa  anapeza kuti n’kutheka kuti zachilengedwe zimayamba kuchulukana anthu akafika ku nkhalango inayake, ngakhale ena atakhala odzadula mitengo koma mosawononga.

Motero pali umboni wochuluka ndithu wosonyeza kuti n’zotheka kudula mitengo m’nkhalango zotere popanda kuwonongeratu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zachilengedwe. Magazini ya ku London yotchedwa Economist inati: ‘Mbali yochepa chabe ya nkhalango zonse zoterezi zomwe zatsala itamasamalidwa bwino, ingakwanire kutipatsa matabwa onse achilengedwe amene timafunikira. Moti mbali ina yonseyo njoyenera kungoletseratu kuti anthu asamadulemo mitengo.’

Chitsanzo cha nkhalango imene salola ngakhale pang’ono kudulamo mitengo ndi nkhalango taitchula m’nkhani yoyamba ija. Ramiro amaiteteza nkhalangoyo chifukwa chakuti asayansi anapeza kuti m’nkhalangomo muli mitundu ingapo ya zamoyo zimene zatsala pang’ono kusoŵeratu padziko lonse. Nkhalango zangati zimenezi, zomwe zimapezeka m’mapiri, n’zosoŵa kwambiri ndipo zimakhala ndi mitundu yadzaoneni ya zamoyo. Ramiro anati: “Kuphunzitsa anthu ndiko makamaka kwathandiza kuti nkhalangoyi itetezeke. Anthu a m’midzi yoyandikana ndi nkhalangoyi atazindikira kuti nkhalangoyi imawathandiza kuti azipeza madzi, anayamba kuisamalira.”

Ramiro anawonjezeranso kuti: “Chinanso chofunika ndicho kukopa alendo kuti adzaone kufunika kosamalira maloŵa. Izi n’zofunika chifukwa chakuti alendoŵa amayamba kuzindikira kufunika koteteza mitengo ndiponso zomera zosiyanasiyana zimene akuonazo. Akamachoka amakhala atazindikira kufunika kwa nkhalangoyo ndi zachilengedwe zake.”

Zitsanzo za Ramiro ndi Roberto zikungosonyeza kuti anthufe tingathe kugwiritsira ntchito nkhalango zachilengedwe za m’madera otentha, popanda kuwononga nkhalangozo ndi zachilengedwe zake. Koma chokhacho chakuti n’zotheka sichikutanthauza kuti n’zimene zizichitikadi. Anthu ena masiku ano angathedi kuonetsetsa kuti akagula matabwa ochokera m’madera otentha, matabwawo azikhala ochokera m’nkhalango zovomerezeka zimene sadulamo mitengo mowononga. Koma pali ena amene sangathe kupeza matabwa otere. Choncho funso n’lakuti kodi zimene anthu akuyesa kuchita poteteza zachilengedwe zambirimbiri za m’nkhalangozi zithandizadi?

 [Mapu patsamba 23]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

BOLIVIA

Mapu amene ali kumanjaŵa akusonyeza zinthu zosiyanasiyana zokhudza mtengo uliwonse; monga mukuonera pamwambapa, mapuŵa akuimira chigawo chochepa chabe cha dziko la Bolivia

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

All maps except top left: Aserradero San Martin S.R.L., Bolivia

[Zithunzi patsamba 23]

Mtengo uliwonse umene asankha amaupatsa nambala ndipo amayeneranso kuudziŵa kuti ndi mtengo wanji. Kenaka amatenga kachipangizo (kali pamwambaka) kamene kamawasonyeza pamene pali mtengowo ndiyeno amalemba malowo

[Chithunzi patsamba 23]

‘Pogwiritsira ntchito mapu odziŵira pamene pali mitengo yoyenera kudula timatha kudula mitengo m’njira yosawononga kwenikweni nkhalangoyo kapenanso zamoyo zake.’—Anatero Roberto

[Chithunzi pamasamba 24, 25]

“Kuphunzitsa anthu ndiko makamaka kwathandiza kuti nkhalangoyi itetezeke.”—Anatero Ramiro

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 25]

Foto: Zoo de Baños