Kuchita Zotheka Kuti Ulendo wa Pandege Ukhale Wabwino Koposa

PATANGOTSALA milungu yochepa chabe kuti zauchigaŵenga za pa September 11 zichitike, Alex anaona kuti mantha ake oyenda ulendo wa pandege ayamba kum’thera. Bwana wa zaka 42 ameneyu yemwe amaona nkhani zonse zokhudza kampani imene iyeyo amagwirako ntchito, anakwera ndege yaikulu yochokera ku Athens kupita ku Boston, ndipo itangonyamuka mtima wake unayamba kugunda mwamphamvu ndiponso anayamba kutuluka thukuta m’manja ndi pachipumi pake.

Ubwino wake ankadziŵa chochita. Dokotala amene ankamuthandiza kuti asiye kuopa kuyenda pandege anamuuza kuti azikoka mpweya kwambiri, azingoganizira ngati kuti ali kumalo kwinakwake kokongola, ndipo azigwirira mpando mwamphamvu n’kumausiya kanayi pa mphindi imodzi iliyonse. Akamayamba kuchita mantha kwambiri chifukwa cha kugwedezekagwedezeka ndiponso phokoso la m’ndegemo, Alex ankangoganizira kuti ali kunyanja kwinakwake kwa phee. Iye anati: “Mwini wakene ndinkaona kuti ndayamba kutha mantha.”

Anthu ochuluka zedi oyenda pandege anachitako mantha ndi ulendo wa pandege. Masiku ano anthu ambiri otere ayamba kupita ku maphunziro othandiza anthu kutha mantha okwera ndege, makamaka chifukwa chouzidwa ndi achibale awo, mabwana awo, ndiponso makampani a ndege, ndipo onseŵa cholinga chawo n’chakuti anthuŵa azikwera ndege. Anthu ambiri oyenda pandege anapindula kwambiri ndi  maphunzirowo. Zipatala zambiri zophunzitsa anthuŵa zanena monyadira kuti ophunzira ambiri anathadi mantha.

Koma zimene zinachitika pa September 11, zinasokonezeratu zinthu zonsezi. Nthaŵi yomweyo Alex anasiyiratu maphunzirowo. Ndipo anakhumudwitsa mabwana ake powauza kuti sapita paulendo wake wa pandege wokakumana ndi kasitomala wina wofunika kwambiri. Alex anati: “Ndikaganiza za mantha anga okwera ndege komanso zauchigaŵenga zija, sindikanatha kuchitira mwina. Kuchipatala kumene ndinali kupita sankandiphunzitsako zotere ayi.”

Kukhwimitsa Chitetezo

Chinthu china chimene anthu oopa kuyenda pandege amanena n’chakuti mafunso amene anthu amafunsidwa pokwera ndege sathandiza chifukwatu ngakhale zigaŵenga za pa September 11 zija zinafunsidwa mafunso omwewo. Mafunsoŵa ndi onga akuti: “Kodi muli ndi katundu amene munthu winawake yemwe simukum’dziŵa wakupemphani kuti mumunyamulire pandegeyi? Kodi pakatundu wanuyu pali phukusi linalake limene munam’gwiriziza munthu wina mutalongedzamo kale zinthu?” N’zachidziŵikire kuti zigaŵengazi zinayankha mafunsoŵa mofanana ndi wina aliyense kuti: “Ayi!” Akatswiri ena a zachitetezo nawonso amaona kuti ngati zigaŵengazi zinatha kukwera ndegezi bwinobwino, ndiye kuti chitetezo chapereŵera paulendo wa pandege. Jim McKenna, yemwe poyamba anali mkulu wa bungwe la Aviation Safety Alliance anati: “M’mbuyomu palibe munthu kapena chinthu chilichonse chimene chikanachititsa kuti zinthu zisinthe. Komano kulandidwa ndiponso kuwonongedwa kwa ndege zinayi kuja kuphatikizapo kufa kwa anthu ambirimbiri, ndiko kungapangitse kuti zinthu zisinthe.”

Zoopsazi zitachitika, nkhani ya chitetezo m’mabwalo a ndege ndi m’ndege momwemo ayamba kuiganiziranso mozama kwambiri. Pamsonkhano wina wokonzedwa ndi nyumba ya malamulo, insipekitala wa Unduna wa za Mtengatenga ku United States, a Kenneth M. Mead anati: “Ngakhale kuti pakali pano ayamba kukhwimitsa chitetezo, padakali mbali zina zimene zikusoweka kwambiri chitetezo ndiponso zina . . . zimene ayenera kuzionanso bwinobwino.” Kodi nanga pa zinthu zimenezi akuchitapo zotani?

 Kusecha Apaulendo Kuti Pasakhale Choopsa Chilichonse

Bwana wina wamkulu woona za chitetezo pakampani ina ya ndege ya ku America, atamufunsa ngati amaopa kuyenda ulendo wa pandege, anayankha m’maso muli gwaa kuti saopa. Ndiye anafotokoza kuti amadalira kwambiri njira yogwiritsira ntchito kompyuta posechera apaulendo imene amadziŵira matikiti onse a ndege ogulitsidwa ndi makampani awo a ndege. Njira imeneyi imasonyeza ngati tikiti inayake anaigula kuofesi ya kampani ya ndege kapena ku kampani yothandiza anthu apaulendo kapenanso pa Intaneti. Imasunga zinthu zina monga zokhudza kuti munthuyo akuyenda yekha kapena ndi achibale ake kapena anzake, komanso ngati munthuyo anachitako zinthu zoswa lamulo kapena ngati nthaŵi ina anapalamulako kukampani zawo za ndege, kwa antchito awo, kapena ngati anawonongapo zinthu zawo.

Nthaŵi ina iliyonse munthu wokwera ndege akafika pabwalo la ndege, zinthu zonse tatchula zija amazionanso n’kuwonjezerapo zatsopano, kuphatikizapo zokhudza mmene munthuyo wayankhira mafunso ofunsidwa pokakwera ndege. Zonse zomwe amapeza ndiponso mmene amazisungira zimakhala chinsinsi chawo chachikulu. Padziko lonse pali njira zosiyanasiyana zotere zosechera anthu pogwiritsira ntchito makompyuta ndipo zina mwa njira zimenezi zimagwirizanitsa apolisi a mayiko osiyanasiyana, monga a m’bungwe la Interpol. M’mabwalo a ndege ambiri a ku Ulaya, ali ndi njira imene imathandiza kutsata bwinobwino maulendo onse apandege a munthu woyenda m’mayiko osiyanasiyana poona pasipoti ya munthuyo.

Amachita zimenezi chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti chimene makamaka chimasokoneza chitetezo ndi anthu oipa maganizo osati katundu amene anthu amatenga m’ndege. Motero pofuna kukhwimitsa chitetezo m’mabwalo a ndege ayamba kuganizira zoika zida zosiyanasiyana zoyezera thupi la munthu komanso makadi om’dziŵikitsa munthu ndipo zina ayamba kale kuzigwiritsira ntchito.

Chinanso chokhudza chitetezo kuwonjezera pa kuonetsetsa anthu n’chakuti akuchita zonse zotheka kuti zinthu zovulaza zisaloŵe m’ndege. Kusecha anthu pogwiritsira ntchito makina oonera ngakhale m’kati mwa zikwama kuli m’poipira pake. Anthu ogwira ntchito zachitetezo pabwalo la ndege zimawavuta kuti angoti maso gaa kwa nthaŵi yaitali akuyang’ana zithunzi zosonyeza m’kati mwa zikwama zimene zikuyenda palamba wonyamulira katundu. Komanso makina ounikira zida nthaŵi zambiri amangolira n’zilizonse, mwina ngakhale makiyi, makobidi, ndiponso zitsulo za palamba.

Kukhwimitsa Malamulo

Pofuna kuchepetsa mavuto ameneŵa, mayiko ena akhazikitsa malamulo othandiza kukhwimitsa chitetezo cha m’mabwalo a ndege. Ku United States, zimenezi zichititsa kuti chaka cha 2002 chikamatha akhale atayamba kutsimikizira kuti chikwama chilichonse chili ndi mwiniwake, katundu yense woloŵa m’ndege waunikidwa ndiponso waonedwa kuti alibe mabomba. Zitseko zoloŵera m’chipinda choyendetsera ndege panopo akuzikonza kuti zikhale zolimba ndiponso zosati n’kuzitsegula wamba. Anthu ogwira ntchito m’ndege akuphunzitsidwanso zimene ayenera kuchita pakabuka zoopsa. Komanso m’ndege zonyamula anthu mwayamba kukhala anthu achitetezo okhala ndi zida.

Patapita milungu ndiponso miyezi ingapo kuchokera pa September 11, m’mabwalo ambiri a ndege padziko lonse anthu okwera ndege ankawasecha powagwiragwira m’matumba ndiponso popisa manja m’katundu wawo. Nthaŵi zina ankati akamaliza kutero ankawasechanso anthuŵa komanso katundu wawo wam’manja. Zimenezi si zachilendo kwa anthu oyenda pandege ku  Ulaya chifukwa zinafala kwambiri m’ma 1970, pamene ndege zambiri zinkalandidwa ndi zigaŵenga. Masiku ano anthu akamakwera ndege saloledwa kutenga chinthu chilichonse chimene chingathe kubaya munthu. Ndi okhawo amene achita kupatsidwa chilolezo amene amawalola kudutsa. Anthu ambiri angozoloŵera kuti podikirira kukwera ndege ayenera kukhala kaye pachimzera chachitali n’kumasechedwa asilikali a mfuti ali chapompo.

Akuonetsetsa Kuti Ndegezo Zili Bwino

Tangoganizirani zinthu zodandaulitsa zangati izi zimene zimachitika kaŵirikaŵiri: Munthu wasechedwa kambirimbiri pabwalo lokwerera ndege ndiye kenaka wafika pamalo amene amaitanira anthu okakwera ndege. Ndiye chapafupi pompo munthu wina wovala bwino ndithu yemwenso akudikirira ndege yomweyo akumuuza kuti: “Mwamva kodi? Akuti ndegeyi sinyamuka msanga chifukwa ili ndi vuto linalake.” Kenaka modandaula akunena kuti: “Anthu ameneŵatu asatikweze chindege chowonongeka!”

Anthu ambiri okwera ndege sazindikira kuti mabungwe oona za ulendo wa pandege ali ndi mfundo zokhwima kwambiri zoonetsetsa kuti ndege zili bwino. Amadziŵiratu pasadakhale ngati ndege ikufunikira kukonzedwa. Amatero pokhala tcheru kwambiri kuona zimene zalembedwa m’buku losonyeza mmene ndegeyo yakhala ikuyendera. Kwenikweni mabungwe ameneŵa amafuna kuti ndege ndiponso injini zake zizikonzedwa mwapamwamba komanso mwapafupipafupi kwambiri poyerekezera ndi galimoto zambiri, ngakhale ndege yoti sinakhalepo ndi vuto lililonse.

Mkulu wina wokonza ndege pakampani inayake ya ndege anavomereza zimenezi ponena kuti: “Ndagwira ntchito imeneyi kwa zaka 15 koma sindinaonepo kapena kuchezapo ndi munthu aliyense wogwira ntchito imeneyi amene saikirapo mtima pankhani ya chitetezo. Ndiponsotu anzawo komanso achibale awo amakweranso ndege zomwezo, ndiye sangachitire dala zinthu zotayirira.”

Munthu aliyense wokonza ndege ndiponso woona kuti ikuyenda bwino amaonetsetsa kuti chinachake  chisalakwike chifukwa cha iyeyo. Munthu wina wogwira ntchito imeneyi anafotokoza kuti: “Sindidzaiwala tsiku limene ndege yathu ya DC-10 inagwa usiku mumzinda wa Sioux City ku Iowa. Panthaŵi imeneyi ndinali wokonza ndege, ndipo ntchito yanga inali yoti ndione bwinobwino n’kukonza injini yakum’chira ya ndege ina yamtundu womwewu. Apa n’kuti tisanadziŵe bwino chimene chinagwetsa ndege ija. Ndikukumbukira kuti tsiku limenelo ndinagwira ntchito mosamala kwambiri, ndipo ndinkangodzifunsa kuti, ‘Kodi ndege imene ija yagwa chifukwa chiyani? Kapena wina sanaone penapake pamene ineyo ndingathe kupaona panopo n’kupeŵa ngozi ina yotere? Kapena kodi sindinalakwitse penapake?’ Ndinakhalamo nthaŵi yaitali m’ndegeyo kuona apa ndi apa uku ndikudya mutu.”

Anthu okonza ndege amaphunzitsidwa kaŵirikaŵiri ntchito zosiyanasiyana zokhudza ntchito yawo, kungoyambira ntchito wamba mpaka kufika pa ntchito zovuta kwambiri zoona zina n’zina ndiponso zokhudza luso lodziŵa pamene pagona vuto. Chaka chilichonse pamakhala zinthu zina zatsopano zimene amaphunzitsa anthu okonza ndege kuti athe kulimbana ndi vuto lililonse limene lingathe kukhalapo, kaya n’laling’ono kapena n’lalikulu bwanji.

Ndege ikachita ngozi, zimene amapeza akafufuza chimene chachititsa ngoziyo amazitenga n’kumazigwiritsira ntchito m’makina ophunzitsira anthu kuyendetsa ndege. Oyesa ndege ndi mainjiniya a ndege amaliza makinawo pofufuza njira zina zimene angapeze kuti m’tsogolo anthu okonza ndege adzathe kulimbana bwinobwino ndi mavuto otere. Pamenepa  amapezapo zinthu zoti adzawaphunzitse anthu okonza ndege aja. Komanso pofuna kuti aziphunzirapo kanthu pa ngozi zoterezi ndiponso kuti ngozizo zichepe amati akafufuza chachititsa ngozizo amathanso kusintha kapangidwe ka ndege ndiponso mbali zake zina.

Munthu wina wogwira ntchito yotere anati: “Tonse amatiuza kuti, ‘anthu sayenda ulendo wabwino mwamwayi chabe ayi, pamafunika kukonzekera ndithu.’”

Alex Ayambiranso Kukwera Ndege

Alex atasiya kukwera ndege kwa miyezi inayi, anaganizanso mofatsa n’kuona kuti ayenera kuvala zilimbe. Pabwalo la ndege la Boston Logan International Airport panali apolisi ndi asilikali koma izi sizinam’chititse mantha ayi. Analibe nazo ntchito zoti ayenera kuima pamzere wautali wosechera anthu kapenanso zoti katundu wake asechedwa.

Iyeyo ankangoona kuti zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti ulendo wa pandege ukhala wosaopsa monga mmene iye amafunira. Inde kamtima kankagunda ndithu chifukwa cha mantha ndipo kathukuta nako kanalipobe. Komabe Alex anaika chikwama chake chimene anali atachisecha kale pamwamba posungira katundu, amvekere: “Ayi ndithu kamtima kakhalako pansi tsopano.”

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 5]

Zina Zokhudza Ulendo wa Pandege

Malingana ndi zimene ofufuza apeza, akuti munthu mmodzi pa anthu asanu alionse amene amakwera ndege amachita mantha. Komabe sikuti anthu onseŵa amaona kuti ulendo wa pandege n’ngoopsa. Nthaŵi zambiri iwo amachita mantha ndi zinthu zina monga kupita m’mwamba kwambiri kapena kukhala pa malo amene pali anthu ambiri.

[Tchati patsamba 8]

KODI NGOZI YOOPSA INGACHITIKE PANGOZI ZINGATI?

Pachaka Pamoyo wonse

pangozi zokwana: pangozi zokwana:

Zagalimoto 6,212 81

Zophedwa 15,104 197

Zamakina 265,000 3,500

Zakugwa kwa ndege 390,000 5,100

Zomira m’bafa 802,000 10,500

Zanyama/zomera zaululu 4,200,000 55,900

Zamphenzi 4,300,000 56,000

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Zachokera ku National Safety Council

[Chithunzi patsamba 6]

M’mabwalo a ndege akhwimitsa kwambiri chitetezo

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

AP Photo/Joel Page

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Kudziŵa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zokhudza wokwera ndege ndiponso kumuunika

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Kuonetsetsa kuti ndege zili bwino

[Chithunzi patsamba 8]

Oyendetsa ndege amaphunzitsidwa kwambiri ntchito yawo