Anthu Sakuphunzirapobe Kanthu

“Anthufe tikanamaphunzirapo kanthu pa zochitika za m’mbuyomu, bwenzi titadziŵa zinthu zofunika kwambiri! Koma timatsekeka m’maso chifukwa chongokakamira zinthu zimene mtima wathu kapenanso magulu athu andale amafuna, motero zinthu zimene tinakumanapo nazo zimene zingatiunikire m’tsogolo mwathu timaziiwala msanga n’kukhala ngati kuti tatenga nyali m’bwato lathu kuti itiunikire mafunde amene ali patsogolo pathu komano nyaliyo ikungotiunikira mafunde amene tawadutsa kale!”—Samuel Taylor Coleridge anatero.

KODI mukugwirizana naye wolemba ndakatulo wa ku England ameneyu yemwe dzina lake ndi Samuel Coleridge? Kodi zingatheke kuti tingatsekeke m’maso chifukwa chongokakamira zinthu zimene tatsimikiza kuchita mwakuti n’kuchitanso zinthu zolakwika zimene ena anachita kumbuyoku?

Nkhondo za Pakati pa Akristu ndi Asilamu

Mwachitsanzo, tatiyeni tione zinthu zina zimene anthu anachita panthaŵi ya nkhondo za pakati pa Akristu ndi Asilamu. M’chaka cha 1095 C.E., Papa Urban wachiŵiri analimbikitsa anthu amene ankati ndi Akristu kuti akalande Dziko Lopatulika m’manja mwa Asilamu. Mafumu, anthu apamwamba, akuluakulu a asilikali ndiponso anthu wamba m’mayiko onse amene ankalamulidwa ndi Urban wachiŵiri anamvera mawu akewo. Katswiri wina wa mbiri yakale wa m’zaka za m’ma 500 mpaka m’ma 1500 C.E., ananena kuti nthaŵi imeneyo “kunalibiretu anthu amene ankachita zinthu mogwirizana ndi malamulo a Kristu” amene sanathamangire kukamenya nawo nkhondoyo.

Katswiri wa mbiri yakale, Zoé Oldenbourg ananena kuti ambiri mwa anthu amene anamenya nawo nkhondoyo anali ndi “chikhulupiriro chonse chakuti pokamenya nawo nkhondo imeneyi [iwo anali] kulembedwa ntchito yogwirira Mulungu Mwini.” Katswiriyu anatinso anthuwo ankadziona ngati akugwira ntchito ya “angelo owononga olimbana ndi ana a mdyerekezi.” Iwo ankakhulupiriranso kuti “onse amene anafa pankhondoyo adzapeza korona wofera chikhulupiriro kumwamba,” anatero wolemba wina dzina lake Brian Moynahan.

N’kutheka kuti Akristu amene anakamenya nkhondoyi sankadziŵa kuti adani awo anali ndi chikhulupiriro choteronso. M’buku lake lakuti Shorter History of the World, katswiri wa mbiri yakale dzina lake J. M. Roberts ananena kuti nawonso asilikali ankhondo a Chisilamu anapita kukamenya nkhondoyo ali ndi chikhulupiriro chonse chakuti nkhondoyo ankamenyera Mulungu ndiponso “kuti Msilamu aliyense wofera kunkhondoko pomenyana ndi adani awo achikunjawo akaloŵa kuparadaiso” kumwamba.

Magulu onse aŵiriŵa ankaphunzitsidwa kuti nkhondo yawo inali yachilungamo ndiponso kuti Mulungu anali atawalola ndi kuwadalitsa kuti amenye nkhondoyo. Atsogoleri amatchalitchi ndiponso andale ankalimbikitsa anthu awo kukhulupirira zimenezo ndipo ankachita kuwapsepsezera kuti apite basi. Ndipo magulu aŵiriŵa anachita zinthu zoopsa mosati n’kusimba ayi.

Kodi Anali Anthu Amtundu Wanji?

Kodi anthu amene anachita zinthu zoopsa zimenezi anali amtundu wanji? Ambiri anali anthu wamba osasiyana kwenikweni ndi anthu amasiku ano. N’zosakayikitsa kuti ambiri anali ndi maganizo abwino ndithu ndipo ankafunitsitsa kukonza zinthu zolakwika zimene ankaona pakati pa anthu a m’nthaŵi yawo. Chifukwa chakuti mitima yawo inali kale m’mwamba, ankaoneka kuti sakudziŵa zakuti nkhondo imene ankati n’njofuna chilungamoyo inaonetsa anthu kusoŵa chilungamo, inawaonetsa zowawa ndiponso inasautsa azibambo, azimayi ndiponso ana ambirimbiri osalakwa amene analephera kuthaŵa m’madera mmene munkachitika nkhondoyo.

Kodi zimenezi sindizo zakhala zikuchitika m’mbuyo monsemu mpakana pano? Kodi si zoona kuti atsogoleri ochenjera pakamwa akhala akunyengerera kambirimbiri anthu osaŵerengeka, omwe paokha sakanayesa n’komwe kuchita nkhondo zoopsa ndiponso zauchinyama zolimbana ndi anthu amene ali adani awo pankhani zachipembedzo ndi zandale? Anthu a m’magulu odana chifukwa cha ndale ndiponso chipembedzo akhala akumenyana  chifukwa magulu onsewo anali okonzeka kuchita nkhondo ndiponso ankati Mulungu ali mbali yawo. Chimenechi n’chizoloŵezi chimene chakhala chikuthandiza olamulira ankhanza kwa zaka zambirimbiri kuchita zofuna zawo. Moynahan ananena kuti limeneli ndi khalidwe limene “anthu ankhanza a m’chipani chopulula anthu cha Nazi ndiponso anthu amakono opha ena pazifukwa zosankhana mitundu anatengera limene mosakayikitsa linayambitsa nkhondo yoyambirirayo ya pakati pa Akristu ndi Asilamu.”

N’kutheka kuti inuyo mungati: ‘Koma anthu anzeru zawo masiku ano sangalole kupusitsidwa kuti achite zoterozo. Ndimayesa ifeyo panopa ndife anthu ochangamuka kuposa akalewo?’ Inde ndi mmene zinthu ziyenera kukhalira. Koma kodi anthu aphunzirapodi kanthu pazinthu zimene zinachitika kumbuyoku? Tikaganizira mozama zimene zachitika zaka 100 zapitazi, ndani amene anganenedi moona mtima kuti inde anthu aphunzirapo kanthu?

Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse

Mwachitsanzo, zimene zinachitika pa nkhondo za pakati pa Akristu ndi Asilamu zinachitikanso pa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse. Roberts ananena kuti “chinthu china chodabwitsa kwambiri chimene chinachitika m’chaka cha 1914 n’chakuti m’dziko lina lililonse anthu ambirimbiri amaganizo osiyanasiyana, a zikhulupiriro zosiyanasiyana ndiponso apachibale, zikuoneka kuti anapita kunkhondo mofunitsitsa ndiponso mokondwa kwambiri.”

N’chifukwa chiyani anthu wamba ambirimbiri “anapita kunkhondo mofunitsitsa ndiponso mokondwa”? N’chifukwa chakuti, monga anthu a m’mbuyo mwawo amene anapita kunkhondo mwakufuna kwawo, iwoŵa analinso ndi mfundo ndiponso zikhulupiriro zawo zogwirizana ndi nzeru zotchuka za panthaŵi imeneyo. N’kutheka kuti ena anatero chifukwa chofuna mtendere ndiponso chilungamo komabe n’zosakayikitsa kwenikweni kuti ambiri anatero chifukwa chodzitukumula pokhulupirira kuti dziko lawo linali lapamwamba kuposa mayiko ena onse ndipo motero linali loyenera kukhala lolamulira.

Anthuŵa ananyengedwa kukhulupirira kuti nkhondo inali chinthu chosapeŵeka m’moyo, kapena kuti inali “chinthu chofunika ndithu kwa zinthu zamoyo.” Mwachitsanzo, wolemba nkhani wina dzina lake Phil Williams anati: “Zimene Darwin anaphunzitsa anthu zakuti zamoyo zina zofooka zimayenera kufa kuti zipatse malo zamoyo zamphamvu,” zinalimbikitsa maganizo akuti nkhondo inali njira yabwino “yothetseratu zamoyo zosayenera kukhala ndi moyo.”

Ndipotu anthu a m’gulu lililonse ankaona kuti iwowo ndiwo anali achilungamo. Ndiyeno chinachitika n’chiyani? Katswiri wina wa mbiri yakale amenenso amalemba nkhani dzina lake Martin Gilbert, ananena kuti panthaŵi ya nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, “mayiko analimbikitsa kusankhana mitundu, kukonda kwambiri dziko lawo ndiponso kukhala akatswiri ankhondo,” ndipo anthu ankachita zimenezi mongotengeka maganizo. Panthaŵi yankhondo imeneyo, John Kenneth Galbraith, yemwe ndi katswiri wa za kayendetsedwe ka chuma anakulira cha kumidzi ku Canada. Iye ananena kuti m’dera lonse limene ankakhalalo, anthu ankangonena kuti “nkhondo ya ku Ulaya inali yopanda pake.” Anthuwo ankati: “Anthu ozindikira . . . sangachite nawo zinthu zopusazo.” Komatu, nthaŵi iyinso anthu ozindikirawo anachita nawo zimenezi. Kodi zitatero n’chiyani chimene chinachitika? Ankhondo a ku Canada komweko okwana pafupifupi 60,000 anali m’gulu la ankhondo oposa 9 miliyoni amene anafa mbali zonse ziŵirizo panthaŵi yoipa kwambiri imeneyo imene anadzaitcha kuti nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse.

Palibe Chimene Anthu Anaphunzirapo

Pa zaka makumi aŵiri zotsatira, anthu anayambiranso kuchita zinthu zomwe zija pamene ndale zankhanza za dziko la Italy ndi Germany zinayamba kutenga malo. Andale a ku Italy anagwiritsa “ntchito zizindikiro ndi nthano za makolo awo akale pofuna kuwatenga mtima anthu,” analemba choncho Hugh Purcell. Njira yapadera imene  anaigwiritsa ntchito inali njira yokopa kwambiri ya kusakaniza zachipembedzo ndi zandale, pomapempherera kuti Mulungu adalitse magulu awo ankhondo.

Munthu wina amene anali “wakuthwa pakamwa komanso wodziŵa kunyengerera anthu” anali Adolf Hitler. M’buku lake lokamba za Hitler lotchedwa Hitler and Nazism, Dick Geary ananena kuti Hitler ankakhulupirira kuti ‘kutengeka maganizo ndiko kumachititsa anthu zinthu osati kuganiza kwanzeru ayi,’ ndipo zimenezi n’zimene atsogoleri ena akale onamiza anthu ankanena. Iye anapezerapo mwayi pa kufooka kwa anthu kumeneku powalimbikitsa mochenjera kwambiri kuti adane ndi anthu amene kale ankawaona ndi diso lofiira, monga pamene “anachititsa Ajeremani kuopa ndiponso kudana ndi Ayuda,” anatero Purcell. Hitler anawanyoza Ayuda ponena kuti: ‘Ayuda ndi anthu owononga mtundu wa Ajeremani.’

Chinthu choopsa kwambiri chimene chinachitika panthaŵi imeneyi n’chakuti anthu ambirimbiri ooneka ngati anzeru zawo ndithu anatengeka maganizo mosavuta n’kupha anthu ochuluka zedi. “Komatu n’zovuta kumvetsa kuti n’chiyani makamaka chinachititsa kuti anthu a m’dziko lotukuka ndithu m’boma la chipani cha Nazi alimbe mtima chonchi n’kufika polekelera ndiponso mpaka pochita nawo nkhanza zoipa mosanenekazi?” anafunsa choncho Geary. Ndipotu sikuti linali dziko “lotukuka” chabe komanso linali lachikristu! Iwo anakopeka kuchita zinthu zoterozo chifukwa chakuti anakonda kutsatira nzeru ndiponso zofuna za anthu mmalo motsatira ziphunzitso za Yesu Kristu. Ndipotu kuyambira nthaŵi imeneyo, azibambo ndi azimayi ambirimbiri ochitadi zinthu kuchokera pansi pa mtima ndiponso ofunadi kusintha zinthu kuti zikhaleko bwino akhala akulimbikitsidwa kuchita nkhanza zosaneneka!

Munthu wina wophunzira kwambiri wa ku Germany dzina lake Georg Hegel, ananena kuti: “Zimene timaphunzira pa zinthu zimene zakhala zikutichitikira ndiponso zochitika za m’mbiri n’zakuti palibe chilichonse chimene anthu ndiponso mayiko aphunzirapo pazinthu zimenezi.” N’kutheka kuti anthu ambiri sangagwirizane ndi maganizo a Hegel pankhani ya mmene moyo umakhalira, koma ndi anthu ochepa chabe amene angatsutse mawu amene ananenaŵa. N’zomvetsa chisoni kuti anthu amaoneka kuti amavutika kwambiri kuti aphunzirepo kanthu pazinthu zimene zinachitika m’mbuyomu. Koma kodi inunso simungaphunzirepo kanthu kalikonse?

Kunenadi zoona, chimodzi chimene tingaphunzirepo mosachita kupita m’mbali ndi ichi: Ngati tikufuna kuti tisakumane ndi masoka amene anzathu kumbuyoku anakumana nawo, tikufunika tipeze chinthu china choti n’kuchidalira choposa nzeru zopereŵera za anthu. Koma ngati tikuti sitingadalire nzeru za anthu, kodi n’chiyani chimene chingatithandize maganizo? Zaka zoposa 1,000 nkhondo za pakati pa Akristu ndi Asilamu zisanachitike, ophunzira a Yesu Kristu anasonyeza mmene Akristu oona ayenera kuchitira zinthu, ndipo palibenso njira ina yabwino yochitira zinthu koma imeneyi. Tatiyeni tione bwinobwino zimene anachita kuti asatengeke maganizo pamene anthu a m’masiku amenewo ankachita nkhondo zoopsa. Koma kodi zingatheke kuti mayiko masiku ano aphunzire kuchita chimodzimodzi ndipo potero n’kuleka kumenyana? Ndipo mosaganizira zimene mayiko angachite, kodi njira ya Mulungu yothetsera mavuto a anthu onseŵa idzakhala yotani?

[Zithunzi patsamba 22]

Anthu achitiridwa nkhanza ndiponso kuvutitsidwa chifukwa cha nkhondo

 [Zithunzi patsamba 23]

Pamwambapo: Othaŵa kwawo m’madera mmene muli nkhondo

Kodi zinatheka bwanji kuti anthu ochangamuka ndithu achite zinthu zosasimbika zankhanza ngati zimenezi?

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Othaŵa kwawo a ku Rwanda: UN PHOTO 186788/J. Isaac; kugwa kwa nyumba zosanja za World Trade Center: AP Photo/Amy Sancetta