Kudalirana kwa Mayiko N’kolimbikitsa Komanso N’kokayikitsa

“Nkhani imene yatenga malo masiku ano ndi ya kudalirana kwa mayiko pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana. . . . Padziko lonse nkhaniyi ikuwapatsa anthu ambirimbiri mwayi wochuluka kuposa kale lonse.”—ANATERO MARTIN WOLF YEMWE AMALEMBA NKHANI YA ZACHUMA M’NYUZIPEPALA.

“Anthufe padziko pano, ndife banja limodzi lalikulu. Kudalirana kwa mayikoku kwabweretsa mavuto atsopano apadziko lonse, monga kuwonongeka kwa malo, kwa zachilengedwe zobweretsa chuma, nkhondo zophetsa anthu ambirimbiri ndiponso umphaŵi.”—ANATERO MTSOGOLERI WADZIKO LA GEORGIA DZINA LAKE EDUARD SHEVARDNADZE.

M’MWEZI wa December chaka cha 1999, msonkhano wa bungwe la zamalonda apadziko lonse lotchedwa World Trade Organization, umene unachitikira ku Seattle ku America, unasokonezedwa ndi anthu ena ochita zionetsero. Pofuna kukhazikitsa bata, apolisi anaphulitsa utsi wokhetsa misozi, anaombera zipolopolo za labala ndiponso anapopera mankhwala okhala ndi tsabola mlengalenga. Kenaka anamanga anthu ambirimbiri amene ankachita zionetserowo.

Kodi n’chiyani chinawapangitsa anthuwo kuchita zionetserozo ku Seattle? Nkhani yaikulu imene inachititsa zonsezo n’njakuti anthu anali ndi nkhaŵa yakuti mwina akhoza kuwachotsa ntchito, kuwawonongera malo okhala, ndiponso kuwadyera masuku pamutu. Kunena mwachidule, anthu ochita zionetserowo ankaopa kuti nkhani ya kudalirana kwa mayiko pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, ikhoza kubweretsa mavuto kwa anthu ndiponso dzikoli.

Sikuti tsopano analeka kukayikira zimenezi ayi. Kuyambira mu 1999, anthu osagwirizana ndi mfundo ya kudalirana kumeneku akhala akuchita zionetsero zina zambiri ndiponso zoopsa kwambiri. Nthaŵi zina, atsogoleri a m’mayiko akuyesetsa tsopano kukhala ndi misonkhano yawo kumalo obisika kumene anthu ochita zionetsero sangakwanitse kukawasokoneza pazokambirana zawozo.

Tinenepo apa kuti, sikuti anthu onse amaona kuti kudalirana kwa mayiko pazinthu zosiyanasiyana n’kokayikitsa. Ngakhale kuti anthu ena amati kudalirana kumeneku ndiko kukuyambitsa mavuto apadziko lonse, enanso amakutama kuti ndiko kungathetse mavuto ambiri apadzikoli. Inde, mkangano wosathawu ukhoza kuoneka ngati sukuwakhudza kwenikweni anthu ambiri padzikoli, makamaka amene sadziŵa kwenikweni kuti chimachitika n’chiyani akamati mayiko akudalirana pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Koma kaya maganizo anu ndi otani pankhaniyi, chimene muyenera kudziŵa n’chakuti, kudalirana kumeneku kunakukhudzani kale, ndipo mwina kudzakukhudzani kwambiri m’tsogolomu.

Kodi Kudalirana kwa Mayiko N’kutani Kwenikweni?

“Kudalirana kwa mayiko pazinthu zosiyanasiyana” ndiwo mawu amene anthu ena amawagwiritsa ntchito pofotokoza mgwirizano wapadziko lonse umene ukumka ukula wa pakati pa anthu ndiponso mayiko. Zimenezi zawanda mofulumira kwambiri cha m’kati mwa zaka khumi zapitazi, makamaka chifukwa cha zinthu zambiri zaumisiri zimene anazitulukira. (Onani bokosilo patsamba 5.) Panthaŵi imeneyi, mayiko amene anali mum’gwirizano wa Soviet Union amene ankakangana ndi dziko la America asiya kukanganako, mfundo zoletsa mayiko kuchita malonda m’mayiko ena zayamba kutha, mayiko akhala akugulitsana mbali zina zamakampani awo mogwirizana komanso kuyenda maulendo kwakhala kotsika mtengo ndiponso kosavuta.

Kukula kwa mgwirizano wamayiko kumeneku kwachititsa kuti pakhale nkhani zambiri zokhudza chuma,  ndale, chikhalidwe ndiponso malo okhala. Tsoka ilo, zinthu zina zimene zakhalapozi si zabwino ayi. Chikalata cha bungwe la United Nations chakuti Human Development Report 1999 chinafotokoza kuti: “Kuposa kale lonse, anthu padziko lonse akugwirizana kwambiri pochita zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ndipo akumalimbikira kwambiri, komanso akafuna kuchita zinthu sakumayamba akayikira kaye. Zimenezi zikupereka mwayi wochuluka woti pakhale zitukuko zatsopano zaphindu kapenanso zowononga.” Monga zinthu zina zambiri zimene anthu apanga, kudalirana kwa mayiko pazinthu zosiyanasiyana kuli ndi ubwino ndiponso kuipa kwake.

Kulimba Mtima Poganizira Kuti Dzikoli Lidzakhala Labwinopo

Kudalirana kwa mayiko “kwathandiza dzikoli pazasayansi ndiponso zachikhalidwe komanso kwalemeretsa anthu ambiri,” anatero munthu wina amene analandira mphoto ya Nobel pa zakayendetsedwe kachuma, dzina lake Amartya Sen. Chikalata chotchedwa Human Development Report 1999 chinanenanso kuti kudalirana kwa mayiko pazinthu zosiyanasiyana “kukuonetsa kwambiri kuti kungathetseretu umphaŵi m’zaka zino za m’ma 2000.” Chifukwa chimene akuganizira chonchi n’chakuti pali zinthu zambiri zimene zatheka bwinobwino chifukwa cha kudalirana kwa mayiko pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Panopa mabanja ambiri padziko lonse amapeza ndalama zochuluka kuŵirikiza katatu kuposa mmene ankapezera zaka 50 zapitazo. *

Anthu ena oona mmene zinthu zikuyendera amaona ubwino winanso wogwirizana pazachuma: Amaona kuti mgwirizanowu ungapangitse mayiko kuti chidwi chawo chopita kunkhondo chithe. Thomas L. Friedman analemba m’buku lake lakuti The Lexus and the Olive Tree, kuti “kudalirana kwa mayiko kumalimbikitsa kwambiri kuti anthu asachite nkhondo ndiponso kumawonjezera kwambiri mavuto ochita nkhondo kuposa m’mbuyo monsemu.”

Kugwirizana kwambiri kwa anthu pazochita zawo kukhozanso kupangitsa kuti mgwirizano wamayiko padziko lonse uziyenda bwino. Mabungwe ena oona zaufulu wa anthu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito nkhani zochokera pa intaneti pokwaniritsa zolinga zawo. Mwachitsanzo, zimene mayiko anagwirizana m’chaka cha 1997 zoletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mabomba okwirira zinatheka polemba mauthenga ochita kutumiza pakompyuta n’cholinga chofuna kusonkhanitsa anthu osiyanasiyana amene nawonso anali kuda nkhaŵa chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa mabombaŵa padziko lonse. Njira imeneyi imene kwenikweni inakhudza anthu wamba anaitama kuti “inali njira yatsopano yokambirana ndi anthu a m’mayiko ena, yomwe maboma ndiponso anthu wamba amagwirira ntchito limodzi n’cholinga chothetsa mavuto a anthu padziko lonse.”

Ngakhale kuti pali zinthu zabwino zimene zachitika pankhaniyi, anthu ena ambiri akuonabe kuti kudalirana kwa mayikoku kukubweretsa zinthu zoipa zambiri kuposa zabwino.

Nkhaŵa Yakuti Dzikoli Lingagaŵikane Kwambiri

Mwinatu chodetsa nkhaŵa kwambiri pa nkhani ya kudalirana kwa mayiko ndicho mmene kudaliranaku kwasiyanitsira anthu opeza bwino ndi osapeza bwino. Ngakhale kuti n’zosakayikitsa kuti chuma cha padziko lonse chakwera, anthu ndiponso mayiko ochepa chabe ndiwo ali nacho. Panopa chuma chonse cha anthu 200 olemera kwambiri padziko lonse n’choposa ndalama zimene anthu okwana pafupifupi mabiliyoni aŵiri ndi theka amapeza. Ndipo ngakhale kuti malipiro a anthu akupitirizabe kukwera m’mayiko olemera, ndalama zimene anthu amapeza m’mayiko osauka okwana 80 zakhala zikutsika m’zaka khumi zapitazi.

Vuto linanso limene likudandaulitsa anthu n’lokhudza zachilengedwe. Chimene chalimbikitsa kwambiri kuti pakhale nkhani ya kudalirana kwa mayiko pazachuma ndicho malonda amene cholinga chake n’kupanga ndalama zambiri koma mosaganizira kwenikweni zoteteza dzikoli. Mkulu wa bungwe loona za ndalama zothandiza posamala zinthu zachilengedwe padziko lonse la World Wide Fund for Nature, ku Indonesia, dzina lake Agus Purnomo anafotokoza nkhani yovutayi kuti: “Tikungolimbikira kuchita zinthu zotukula malo. . . . Ndili ndi nkhaŵa yakuti pakutha kwa zaka khumi, tonse tidzadziŵa ndi kuona kufunika kwa zachilengedwe, komatu zachilengedwezo zidzakhala zitatha kale.”

Anthu akuderanso nkhaŵa ntchito zawo. Ntchito ndiponso ndalama zimene anthu amapeza sizikuonekanso bwinobwino, chifukwa mabungwe akugwirizana kukhala amodzi padziko lonse ndiponso makampani akupikisana kwambiri pofuna kuchita zinthu kuti zikhale zosavuta ndiponso kuti ziziyenda bwino. Makampani amene amangoganizira za kupeza phindu basi amaona kuti ndi bwino kulemba antchito ndiponso kuwachotsa malingana ndi mmene malonda a zinthu zimene makampaniwo  amapanga akuyendera panthaŵiyo, koma potero amazunzitsa anthu kwambiri.

Kudalirana kwa mayiko pankhani ya zachuma kwabweretsanso vuto lina. Makampani ochokera kunja angabweretse m’mayiko osauka ndalama zambirimbiri koma kenaka n’kutenga ndalama zawozo mwadzidzidzi ngati mayikowo akuoneka kuti mavuto awo azachuma akuipiraipira. Kungotenga ndalama koteroko kukhoza kuloŵetsa pansi chuma cha mayiko ambiri. Dera la East Asia litagwa pavuto la ndalama m’chaka cha 1998, anthu 13 miliyoni anachotsedwa pa ntchito zawo. Ku Indonesia, ngakhale anthu amene sanawachotse ntchito anawadula malipiro awo n’kumawapatsa theka la ndalama zimene ankalandira.

Choncho n’zomvekadi kunena kuti kudalirana kwa mayiko kumeneku kumapangitsa anthu kukhala ndi chikayikiro komanso kukhala ndi pena powalimbikitsa mtima. Kodi kudalirana kwa mayikoku kuyenera kukukayikitsani? Kapena kodi mungakudalire kuti kungadzapangitse moyo wanu kukhala wabwinopo? Kodi kudalirana kwa mayiko kuyenera kutipangitsa kuganiza kuti zinthu zidzakhala bwino kwambiri m’tsogolomu? Nkhani yotsatira iyankha mafunsoŵa.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 19]

Chuma chonse cha anthu 200 olemera kwambiri padziko lonse n’choposa ndalama zimene anthu okwana pafupifupi mabiliyoni aŵiri ndi theka amapeza

[Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 21]

ZAUMISIRI ZIMENE ZIKUTHANDIZA KUTI MAYIKO AZIDALIRANA

Zinthu zaumisiri zasinthiratu njira yolankhulirana pa zaka khumi zapitazi. Masiku ano anthu sataya nthaŵi, sawononga ndalama zambiri ndiponso savutika akafuna kulankhulana ndi anzawo kapenanso akafuna kudziŵa zinazake zimene zili kwina kulikonse padzikoli.

TV Anthu ambiri padziko lonse tsopano amatha kuonera TV, ngakhale atakhala kuti alibe yawoyawo. Pamene chinkafika chaka cha 1995, anthu 235 pa anthu 1,000 alionse padziko lonse, anali ndi TV, kungotsala pang’ono kuŵirikiza mmene zinaliri m’chaka cha 1980. Chipangizo chaching’ono chabe cholandirira mawu oulutsidwa pa wailesi yakanema chikhoza kupangitsa kuti anthu amene ali m’madera akutali azimva nkhani zapadziko lonse. “Masiku ano, palibe dziko limene nkhani zake sizifalitsidwa m’mayiko ena kudzera m’njira zosiyanasiyana,” anatero pulofesa wodziŵa kuyendetsa chuma chamayiko dzina lake Francis Fukuyama.

INTANETI Pasabata iliyonse, anthu 300,000 atsopano amayamba kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Mu 1999 ankati podzafika m’chaka cha 2001, anthu 700 miliyoni adzakhala akugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Thomas L. Friedman anafotokoza kuti, “Mapeto ake zimene zachitika n’zakuti sizinaonekepo m’mbiri yonse yadziko chifukwa anthu ambirimbiri adziŵa zinthu zambiri zokhudza moyo wa anthu ambirimbiri, zinthu zimene anachita ndiponso maganizo awo.”

TELEFONI Mawaya amagetsi ndi zipangizo zina ndi zina zapangitsa kuti mtengo wa telefoni utsike kwambiri. Mtengo woimbira foni yopita ku London kuchokera ku New York kwa mphindi zitatu unatsika kuchoka pa madola 245 m’chaka cha 1930 kufika pa masenti okwana 35 m’chaka cha 1999. Luso lotumiza mawu popanda mawaya lapangitsa kuti maserula awande ngati mmene mawailesi awandira m’mayiko ambiri. Akuti podzafika kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2002, anthu okwana biliyoni imodzi adzakhala ali ndi serula, ndipo ambiri mwa anthuŵa adzatha kugwiritsa ntchito maserula awo pofuna kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti.

KACHIPANGIZO KAM’KOMPYUTA KOSUNGA ZINTHU ZAMBIRI Zonse zimene tatchula pamwambapa, akuziwonjezera luso lake, ndipo zimadalira tizipangizo tam’kompyuta timene timasunga zinthu zambiri. Kwazaka zoposa 30 zapitazi, mphamvu yoŵerengetsera masamu pogwiritsa ntchito kompyuta yakhala ikuŵirikiza m’kati mwa miyezi 18 iliyonse. Kuyambira kale lonse, anthu sanasungepo zinthu zambirimbiri pa kanthu kochepa chonchi.