Kufunafuna Njira Zothetsera Mavuto a Ana Kukupitirizabe

KUNGOYAMBIRA pomwe linayamba, bungwe la United Nations lachita chidwi kwambiri ndi ana ndiponso mavuto awo. Kumapeto a chaka cha 1946, bungweli linakhazikitsa kabungwe kothandiza ana kotchedwa United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) monga njira yongoyembekezera yothandizira ana m’madera omwe anawonongeka ndi nkhondo.

Mu 1953, kabungwe kameneka kanasanduka bungwe lachikhalire. Ngakhale kuti tsopano bungweli limadziŵika ndi dzina loti United Nations Children’s Fund, ilo silinasinthe zilembo zake zoyambirira zoimira dzinali zakuti UNICEF. Choncho, kwa zaka zopitirira makumi asanu, bungwe la UNICEF lakhala likupereka chakudya, zovala, chithandizo chamankhwala ndiponso zinthu zina zosiyanasiyana zomwe anawa amafunikira padziko lonse.

Zomwe ana amafunikira zinadzakhala nkhani yofunika kwambiri mu 1959 pomwe bungwe la United Nations linavomereza Mfundo za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe wa Mwana. (Onani bokosi, patsamba 5) Iwo ankayembekezera kuti mfundozo zidzachititsa anthu kukhala n’chidwi ndi mavuto a ana ndipo kuti zimenezi zidzathandiza kuthetsa mavutoŵa mwakulimbikitsa anthuwo kuthandizapo ndi ndalama kapena ndi zinthu zina.

Koma “patapita zaka 20,” malinga ndi zomwe linanena buku la Collier lotchedwa 1980 Year Book, “ufulu umenewu, makamaka ufulu wokhudza chakudya, zaumoyo, ndiponso ulemerero, unali usanakwaniritsidwebe kwa ana 1.5 biliyoni apadziko lonse.” Choncho, podziŵa kufunika kothetsa mavuto a ana ndiponso kuchita mogwirizana ndi zolinga zomwe bungwe la United Nations linalengeza, bungweli linapatula chaka cha 1979 kukhala Chaka Choganizira Mwana Padziko Lonse. Maboma, anthu wamba, magulu achipembedzo, ndiponso mabungwe achifundo padziko lonse anachitapo kanthu mwamsanga kuti afufuze njira zothetsera mavutoŵa.

Kodi Konseku Kunali “Kutonza” Chabe?

Malinga ndi lipoti la bungwe la UNICEF, n’zomvetsa chisoni kuti ana m’mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene zinthu sizinawayendere bwino m’Chaka Choganizira Mwana Padziko Lonse chimenecho. Pakutha pa chakacho, n’kuti ana ena pafupifupi 200 miliyoni akudwala matenda osoŵa zakudya m’thupi ndipo theka la ana 15 miliyoni osapitirira zaka zisanu omwe anafa, n’kutheka kuti anafa chifukwa cha kusoŵa zakudya m’thupi. M’chaka  chimenecho, mwa ana 100 alionse amene ankabadwa mphindi iliyonse m’mayikowo, ana 15 anafa asanathe n’chaka chimodzi chomwe. Chiŵerengero cha ana osakwana 40 peresenti ndiwo anamaliza sukulu ya pulayimale. Pothirira ndemanga pa za lipoti la bungwe la UNICEF, mkonzi wa nyuzipepala yotchedwa Indian Express anadandaula kuti, kuika Chaka Choganizira Mwana kunangokhala “kutonza” kwenikweni.

Anthu ena anali ataoneratu kuti zidzakanika. Mwachitsanzo, kumayambiriro kwenikweni kwa chakacho, Fabrizio Dentice analemba m’magazini yotchedwa L’Espresso kuti: “Pakufunika chinthu china choposa Chaka Choganizira Mwana chokha kuti mavutoŵa athetsedwe.” Magaziniyo inanena kuti: “Moyo umene tikukhala masiku ano ndiwo ukutichititsa kuti tikhale m’mene tililimu, ndipo zimenezi n’zimene tifunika kusintha.”

Popitiriza kufunafuna njira zothetsera mavuto a ana, atsogoleri amayiko anachita msonkhano ku malikulu a bungwe la UN mu September 1990. Unalidi umodzi mwa misonkhano ikuluikulu kwambiri ya atsogoleri amayiko yomwe yachitikapo m’mbuyomu. Pamsonkhanowo panali atsogoleri amayiko oposa 70. Msonkhanowo unali wotsatira Pangano la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe wa Mwana lomwe linavomerezedwa pa November 20, 1989 ndipo linayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa September 2, 1990. Pomwe umatha mwezi umenewo n’kuti panganolo litavomerezedwa kale ndi mayiko 39.

Bungwe la UNICEF posachedwapa linanena kuti, “mwa mapangano onse a za ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu, panganoli ndilo likuvomerezedwa mofulumira kwina kulikonse, ndipo zimenezi zikulimbikitsa ana padziko lonse.” N’zoonadi kuti m’November 1999 panganoli linali litavomerezedwa ndi mayiko 191. Motero bungwe la UNICEF linadzitama kuti: “Chikhazikitsireni Pangano la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe wa Mwana, ntchito yokwaniritsa ndiponso kuteteza ufulu umenewu yapita patsogolo kwambiri m’zaka 100 zapitazi kuposa m’nthaŵi ina iliyonse m’mbiri ya anthu.”

Ngakhale kuti zinthu zapita patsogolo motere, pulezidenti wa ku German Johannes Rau ananena kuti: “N’zomvetsa chisoni kuti mpaka pano anthufe tikufunikabe kuchita kukumbutsidwa kuti ana ali ndi ufulu,” kapenanso kuti ali ndi mavuto adzaoneni! Mu November 1999, bungwe la UNICEF linavomereza kuti “padakali zinthu zambiri zofunika kuti zichitidwe,” bungweli linafotokoza kuti:  “Padziko lonse, pafupifupi ana 12 miliyoni osakwanitsa zaka zisanu amafa chaka n’chaka kwenikweni chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe zingapeŵedwe mosavuta. Ana pafupifupi 130 miliyoni m’mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene sapita kusukulu ya pulayimale . . . Ndipo ana ena pafupifupi 160 miliyoni akudwala matenda osoŵa zakudya m’thupi. . . . Ana ambiri osoŵa thandizo akuvutika zedi m’nyumba zosungiramo ana ovutika ndiponso m’malo ena othandizira ana otereŵa. Iwo alibe mwayi wopita kusukulu ndiponso wolandira chithandizo chamankhwala chokwanira. Ana ameneŵa nthaŵi zambiri amazunzidwa. Ana pafupifupi 250 miliyoni amagwiritsidwa ntchito yolira chamuna ya mtundu wina wake.” Komanso bungweli linatchulanso nkhani yoti ana 600 miliyoni ali paumphaŵi wadzaoneni ndipo ena 13 miliyoni adzakhala ataferedwa kholo lawo lina chifukwa cha matenda a AIDS podzafika kumapeto a chaka cha 2000.

Zikuoneka kuti atsogoleri andale asoŵeka njira zokhutiritsa zothetsera mavutoŵa. Komabe, mavutoŵa sikuti ali m’mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene okha ayi. M’mayiko olemera ana ambiri akuvutikanso ndi umphaŵi wamtundu wina.

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 4]

“N’zomvetsa chisoni kuti mpaka pano anthufe tikufunikabe kuchita kukumbutsidwa kuti ana ali ndi ufulu”

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 5]

Mfundo za UN za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe wa Mwana:

● Ufulu wa kukhala ndi dzina ndiponso dziko.

● Ufulu wa kuyanjidwa, kukondedwa, kumvetsetsedwa, ndiponso kukhala ndi katundu wake.

● Ufulu wa kudya mokwanira, kukhala ndi nyumba, ndiponso kulandira chithandizo chamankhwala.

● Ufulu wa kusamalidwa mwapadera ngati ali ndi chilema chilichonse, kaya ndi wolumala chiŵalo, wamisala, ngakhalenso wopanda mbale.

● Ufulu wa kukhala pakati pa anthu oyamba kutetezedwa ndiponso kuthandizidwa m’zochitika zonse.

● Ufulu wa kutetezedwa ku mitundu yonse ya kunyalanyazidwa, nkhanza, ndiponso kudyerana masuku pamutu.

● Ufulu wa kukhala ndi mwayi wonse wa kuseŵera, kusangalala, ndiponso kukhala ndi mwayi wofanana wamaphunziro aulere ndi osasankha, kuti iyeyo akulitse maluso ake kuti adzakhale nzika yothandiza.

● Ufulu wa kukulitsa kuyenera kwake kupatsidwa ufulu ndiponso ulemu.

● Ufulu wa kuleredwa mumzimu wa kumvetsa, kulolera, ubwenzi pa anthu, mtendere, ndiponso ubale wapadziko lonse.

● Ufulu wakukhala ndi ufulu wonsewu mosaona mtundu wake, khungu, kaya kuti ndi mwamuna kapena mkazi, chipembedzo, kusiyana maganizo pandale kapena pazinthu zina, dziko kapena gulu limene akuchokera, ndiponso chuma, ulemerero, zaka zake, ndi zinthu zina.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Mfundo zachidulezi zachokera m’buku lakuti Everyman’s United Nations

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 3]

UN PHOTO 148038/Jean Pierre Laffont

Chithunzi cha UN

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 4]

Zithunzi patsamba 4 ndi 5 Giacomo Pirozzi/Panos Pictures