Kodi Maelementi Anakhalako Mwamwayi?

“Chinthu chilichonse m’Chilengedwe Chonse, ngakhale nyenyezi zokhala kutali kwambiri, n’zopangidwa ndi maatomu,” imatero The Encyclopedia of Stars & Atoms. Atomu imodzi imakhala yaing’ono kwambiri mwakuti siingaoneke, koma akakhalapo kagulu amapanga maelementi odziŵika. Ena mwa maelementi ameneŵa ndi zinthu zolimba zimene tingathe kuziona; ena ndi mpweya wosaoneka. Kodi zinthu zimenezi zinakhalako mwamwayi?

Maelementi Nambala 1 Mpaka 92

Ngakhale kuti n’kosavuta kumvetsa kapangidwe ka atomu ya hydrogen, ndiyo imachirikiza nyenyezi monga dzuŵa ndipo n’njofunika pamoyo. Atomu ya hydrogen ili ndi pulotoni imodzi mu nyukiliyasi yake ndipo ili ndi elekitironi imodzi yomwe imazungulira nyukiliyasiyo. Maelementi ena monga carbon, oxygen, golide, ndi mercury, ali ndi maatomu okhala ndi maelekitironi ambiri omwe amazungulira nyukiliyasi yokhala ndi mapulotoni ndi ma nyutuloni ambiri.

Zaka 450 zapitazo, maelementi 12 okha ndiwo ankadziŵika. Atatulukira ambiri, asayansi anazindikira kuti ali mu ndondomeko inayake yachilengedwe. Ndipo maelementi ameneŵa ataikidwa pa mndandanda wokhala ndi mizere yopingasa ndi yopita m’munsi, asayansi anatulukira kuti maelementi opezeka mumnzere umodzi wopita m’munsi anali ofanana zochitika. Koma mndandandawu unalinso ndi mipata kusonyeza kuti panali maelementi ena osadziŵika. Izi zinachititsa kuti wasayansi wa ku Russia wotchedwa Dmitry Mendeleyev aneneretu kuti pali elementi ina dzina lake germanium yokhala ndi ma pulotoni 32 mu nyukiliyasi yake. Ananeneratunso za maonekedwe ake, kulemera kwake, ndiponso mlingo wa kutentha umene ungaisungunule. Zimene Mendeleyev “ananeneratu zokhudza maelementi ena amene panalibe monga gallium ndi scandium, zinadzapezekanso kuti zinali zolondola kwambiri,” linatero buku la sayansi la 1995 lotchedwa Chemistry.

M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, asayansi ananeneratu zakuti kulinso maelementi ena osadziŵika ndipo anatchulanso zochita zawo. Mpaka maelementi onse amene anali osadziŵika anawapeza. Palibenso mipata iliyonse pa mndandandawo. Ndondomeko yachilengedwe ya maelementi n’njozikidwa pa kuchuluka kwa mapulotoni mu nyukiliyasi ya atomu, ndipo imayamba ndi elementi ya pa nambala 1, hydrogen, mpaka elementi yotsirizira imene nthaŵi zambiri imapezeka mwachilengedwe padziko lapansi, ya pa nambala 92 yomwe ndi uranium. Kodi zimenezi zinangochitika mwamwayi?

Taganiziraninso kusiyanasiyana kwa maelementi ameneŵa. Golide ndi mercury ndi maelementi amene ali ndi maonekedwe onyezimira mwapadera zedi. Enawo ndi chitsulo, enawo ndi amadzimadzi. Koma, anakhala motsatizana pa nambala 79 ndi 80. Atomu ya golide ili ndi maelekitironi 79, mapulotoni 79, ndi manyutuloni 118. Atomu ya mercury ili ndi elekitironi ndiponso pulotoni imodzi chabe kuposa apa, ndipo ili ndi manyutuloni ochuluka mosasiyana kwenikweni.

 Kodi ndi mwayi chabe kuti kusintha kwapang’ono chabe kwa dongosolo la zidutswa za mu atomu kumabweretsa maelementi osiyanasiyana chonchi? Nanga bwanji za mphamvu zimene zimagwirizanitsa pamodzi tizidutswa ta maatomu? “Chinthu chilichonse m’Chilengedwe Chonse chimatsatira mfundo zimene malamulo a sayansi amalongosola, kuyambira pa kanthu kakang’ono kwambiri kufika pa gulu lalikulu kwambiri la nyenyezi,” imatero The Encyclopedia of Stars & Atoms. Taganizani zimene zingachitike itasintha imodzi mwa mfundo zimenezo. Mwachitsanzo, kodi chingachitike n’chiyani mphamvu imene imatheketsa maelekitironi kuyenda mozungulira nyukiliyasi ya atomu itasintha pang’ono?

Mphamvu Zachilengedwe Zolinganizika Bwino

Taganizirani zimene zingachitike itachepa mphamvu yokoka yotchedwa elekitiromaginetizimu. “Maelekitironi sangathenso kumatirira ku maatomu,” anatero Dr. David Block m’buku lake lakuti Star Watch. Kodi zimenezi zingachititse chiyani? “Tingakhale ndi chilengedwe chosalola maatomu kusanganikirana kuti apange zinthu zina zatsopano!” iye anawonjezera choncho. Tiyeneradi kuyamikira kwambiri malamulo okhazikika amene amatheketsa zinthu monga zimenezi kuchitika! Mwachitsanzo, maatomu aŵiri a hydrogen amaphatikizana ndi atomu imodzi ya oxygen n’kupanga molekyu ya madzi ofunikawo.

Mphamvu yokoka yotchedwa elekitiromaginetizimu ndi yofookerapo nthaŵi 100 kuyerekeza ndi mphamvu yochuluka yokhala mu nyukiliyasi ya atomu imene imamanga pamodzi nyukiliyasiyo. Kodi chingachitike n’chiyani mphamvuzi zitasintha? “Ngati mphamvu za mu nyukiliyasi ndi mphamvu yokoka yotchedwa elekitiromaginetizimu zimene zimadalirana zikanati zisiyane pang’ono chabe ndi mmene zilili, ndiye kuti maatomu a carbon si bwenzi alipo,” akutero asayansi aŵiri John Barrow ndi Frank Tipler. Pakanapanda carbon ndiye kuti sipakadakhala moyo. Maatomu a carbon ali mbali imodzi mwa mbali zisanu zilizonse za kulemera kwa zinthu zonse zamoyo.

Chofunikanso kwambiri ndicho kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yokoka ya elekitiromaginetizimu poiyerekezera ndi mphamvu yokoka ya giravite. “Kusintha kwakung’ono kwambiri kwa mphamvu yokoka ya giravite ndi elekitiromaginetizimu kungasandutse nyenyezi monga Dzuŵa kukhala nyenyezi zabuluu zazikulu kwadzaoneni [zotentha kwambiri kwakuti moyo sungakhalepo] kapena kukhala nyenyezi zazing’ono zofiira [zosatentha mokwanira kuti moyo ukhalepo],” inatero magazini yotchedwa New Scientist.

Mphamvu ina, yotchedwa mphamvu yochepa ya mu nyukiliyasi, imayendetsa kusakanikirana kwa maatomu mu dzuŵa pamlingo woyenera. “Ndi yochepa mokwanira kulola hydrogen imene ili m’dzuŵa kuyaka pang’onopang’ono ndiponso mokhazikika,” anatero wasayansi wotchedwa Freeman Dyson. Palinso zitsanzo zina zambiri zosonyeza mmene moyo wathu umadalira malamulo olinganizika mosamala zedi ndiponso mikhalidwe imene ili m’thambo. Wolemba zasayansi, pulofesa Paul Davis anayerekeza malamulo ndiponso mikhalidwe ya m’thambo imeneyi ndi mabatani ndipo ananena kuti: “Zikuoneka kuti mabatani osiyanasiyanaŵa ayenera kutchunidwa bwino zedi kuti thambo likhale loti moyo n’kukhalamo.”

Zaka zambiri Bambo Isaac Newton asanatulukire lamulo la mphamvu yokoka, Baibulo linatchulapo za malamulo okhazikika ameneŵa. Yobu anafunsidwa kuti, “Kodi ndiwe unaika malamulo amene amayendetsa zakumwamba, kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo a chilengedwe padziko lapansi?” (Yobu 38:33, The New English Bible) Mafunso ena osonkhezera munthu kudzichepetsa anali akuti, “Unali kuti muja ndinaika maziko a dziko lapansi?” ndi “Analemba malire ake ndani, popeza udziŵa?”—Yobu 38:4, 5.

[Bokosi patsamba 6]

MAELEMENTI OFUNIKA

Maatomu a maelementi otchedwa hydrogen, oxygen, ndi carbon alipo 98 pa maatomu 100 alionse m’thupi lanu. Ndiyenso pali nitrogen imene ilipo maatomu 1.4 pa maatomu 100 alionse. Maelementi ena amapezeka mochepa kwambiri koma n’ngofunikabe pamoyo.

[Tchati/Chithunzi pamasamba 6, 7]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Pamene nkhani ino imalembedwa, asayansi anali atapanga maelementi nambala 93 kumka m’tsogolo, mpaka kufika nambala 118. Monga ananeneratu, maelementi ameneŵa amagwirizanabe ndi ndondomeko ya mndandanda wa maelementi.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Gwero: Los Alamos National Laboratory

Dzina la elementi Chizindikiro Atomic number (kuchuluka kwa mapulotoni)

hydrogen H 1

 helium He 2

lithium Li 3

beryllium Be 4

boron B 5

carbon C 6

nitrogen N 7

oxygen O 8

fluorine F 9

neon Ne 10

sodium Na 11

magnesium Mg 12

aluminum Al 13

silicon Si 14

phosphorus P 15

sulfur S 16

chlorine Cl 17

argon Ar 18

potassium K 19

calcium Ca 20

scandium Sc 21

titanium Ti 22

vanadium V 23

chromium Cr 24

manganese Mn 25

iron Fe 26

cobalt Co 27

nickel Ni 28

copper Cu 29

zinc Zn 30

gallium Ga 31

germanium Ge 32

arsenic As 33

selenium Se 34

bromine Br 35

krypton Kr 36

rubidium Rb 37

strontium Sr 38

yttrium Y 39

zirconium Zr 40

niobium Nb 41

molybdenum Mo 42

technetium Tc 43

ruthenium Ru 44

rhodium Rh 45

palladium Pd 46

silver Ag 47

cadmium Cd 48

indium In 49

tin Sn 50

antimony Sb 51

tellurium Te 52

iodine I 53

xenon Xe 54

cesium Cs 55

barium Ba 56

lanthanum La 57

cerium Ce 58

praseodymium Pr 59

neodymium Nd 60

promethium Pm 61

samarium Sm 62

europium Eu 63

gadolinium Gd 64

terbium Tb 65

dysprosium Dy 66

holmium Ho 67

erbium Er 68

thulium Tm 69

ytterbium Yb 70

lutetium Lu 71

hafnium Hf 72

tantalum Ta 73

tungsten W 74

rhenium Re 75

osmium Os 76

iridium Ir 77

platinum Pt 78

gold Au 79

mercury Hg 80

thallium Tl 81

lead Pb 82

bismuth Bi 83

polonium Po 84

astatine At 85

radon Rn 86

francium Fr 87

radium Ra 88

actinium Ac 89

thorium Th 90

protactinium Pa 91

uranium U 92

neptunium Np 93

plutonium Pu 94

americium Am 95

curium Cm 96

berkelium Bk 97

californium Cf 98

einsteinium Es 99

fermium Fm 100

mendelevium Md 101

nobelium No 102

lawrencium Lr 103

rutherfordium Rf 104

dubnium Db 105

seaborgium Sg 106

bohrium Bh 107

hassium Hs 108

meitnerium Mt 109

110

111

112

114

116

118

[Chithunzi]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Kodi dongosolo komanso kugwirizana kwa maelementi a mu mndandanda wa maelementi zimasonyeza kuti anangokhalako mwamwayi chabe kapena panafunikira luntha?

Atomu ya helium

Elekitironi

Pulotoni

Nyutuloni

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Kodi n’chiyani chinachititsa kuti mphamvu zinayi za m’chilengedwe zikhale zotchunidwa bwino?

MPHAMVU YA ELEKITIROMAGINETIZIMU

MPHAMVU YOCHULUKA YA M’NYUKILIYASI

MPHAMVU YOKOKA

MPHAMVU YOCHEPA YA M’NYUKILIYASI

Molekyu ya madzi

Nyukiliyasi ya atomu

Nyenyezi yabuluu yaikulu kwadzaoneni

Nyenyezi yofiira yaing’ono

Dzuŵa