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Medicine and Surgery

Clinical strategies for managing patients without blood transfusion. Select a medical specialty below then choose a specific strategy. Click the title of a citation to load the medical article or bibliographic record.

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Preoperative Patient Evaluation and Transfusion Risk Assessment

Preoperative Planning and Patient Optimization

Multimodality, Interdisciplinary, and Individualized Approach

Preoperative Anemia Management and Optimization of Red Cell Mass

Anticoagulation Management and Reversal

Restricted Nondiagnostic Blood Loss

Angiographic Embolization or Vascular Occlusion

Surgical Blood Conservation Techniques

Minimally Invasive Approaches

Management and Optimization of Hemostasis

Thermal Management (Prevention of Hypothermia)

Judicious Fluid and Volume Management

Intraoperative Autologous Blood Management

Postoperative Blood Cell Salvage

Restricted Diagnostic Phlebotomy to Avoid Iatrogenic Anemia

Postoperative Anemia Management

Optimization of Patients’ Tolerance of Anemia

Acceptance of Normovolemic Anemia

Resource-Limited Settings

Adverse Effects of Substantial Bleeding

Transfusion Risks and Uncertainties

Clinical Outcomes

Economic Outcomes

General Economic Assessments

Blood Cell Salvage

Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery

Intensive and Critical Care

Hematology

Oncology

Orthopedic Surgery

Urology

Trauma

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

General Surgery

Obstetrics

Neonatology

Preoperative Patient Evaluation and Transfusion Risk Assessment

Preoperative Planning and Patient Optimization

Multimodality, Interdisciplinary, and Individualized Approach

Preoperative Anemia Management and Optimization of Red Cell Mass

Thrombocytopenia Management

Anticoagulation Management and Reversal

Surgical Blood Conservation Techniques

Management and Optimization of Hemostasis

Thermal Management (Prevention of Hypothermia)

Judicious Fluid and Volume Management

Intraoperative Autologous Blood Management

Anesthetic Blood Conservation Techniques

Restricted Diagnostic Phlebotomy to Avoid Iatrogenic Anemia

Postoperative Anemia Management

Optimization of Patients’ Tolerance of Anemia

Acceptance of Normovolemic Anemia

Adverse Effects of Substantial Bleeding

Transfusion Risks and Uncertainties

Clinical Outcomes

Economic Outcomes

Multimodality, Interdisciplinary, and Individualized Approach

Anemia Management

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Aplastic Anemia

Neutropenia Management

Thrombocytopenia Management

Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP)

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)

Management and Optimization of Hemostasis

Recombinant Activated Factor VII (rFVIIa)

Therapeutic Plasma Exchange Using Replacement Alternatives

Restricted Diagnostic Phlebotomy to Avoid Iatrogenic Anemia

Acceptance of Normovolemic Anemia

Clinical Outcomes

Economic Outcomes

Multimodality, Interdisciplinary, Planned, and Individualized Approach

Thrombocytopenia Management

Anticoagulation Management and Reversal

Restricted Diagnostic Phlebotomy to Avoid Iatrogenic Anemia

Management and Optimization of Hemostasis

Thermal Management (Prevention of Hypothermia)

Prevention of Drug-Induced Anemia or Thrombocytopenia

Optimization of Oxygen Delivery and Minimization of Oxygen Consumption

Damage Control Strategy

Blood Cell Salvage

Anemia Management

Optimization of Patients’ Tolerance of Anemia

Acceptance of Normovolemic Anemia

Adverse Effects of Substantial Bleeding

Transfusion Risks and Uncertainties

Clinical Outcomes

Economic Outcomes

Antenatal Evaluation, Hospital Preparedness, and Clinical Experience

Multimodality, Interdisciplinary, Planned, and Individualized Approach

Anemia Management

Thrombocytopenia Management

Inhibition or Delay of Preterm Birth

Acceleration of Fetal Lung Maturation for Women at Risk of Preterm Delivery

Prophylactic Perioperative Vascular Occlusion

Intraoperative Autologous Blood Management

Active Management of the Third Stage of Labor

Uterotonic Agents

Surgical Control of Postpartum Hemorrhage

Temporizing Measures

Management and Optimization of Hemostasis

Close Surveillance for Evidence of Postpartum Bleeding

Early Recourse to Hysterectomy for Persistent Bleeding

Restricted Diagnostic Phlebotomy to Avoid Iatrogenic Anemia

Postpartum Anemia Management

Optimization of Patients’ Tolerance of Anemia

Acceptance of Normovolemic Anemia

Adjuncts to Prevent Neonatal and Maternal Complications

Resource-Limited Settings

Clinical Outcomes

Economic Outcomes

Pretreatment Patient Evaluation and Transfusion Risk Assessment

Pretreatment Planning and Patient Optimization

Multimodality, Interdisciplinary, and Individualized Approach

Anemia Management

Thrombocytopenia Management

Angiographic Embolization or Vascular Occlusion

Surgical Blood Conservation Techniques

Management and Optimization of Hemostasis

Intraoperative Autologous Blood Management

Neutropenia Management

Intensive Therapy Using Transfusion-Alternative Strategies

Individualized or Modified Chemotherapy (Dose Adjustment or Delay)

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Without Blood Transfusion

Restricted Diagnostic Phlebotomy to Avoid Iatrogenic Anemia

Restricted Nondiagnostic Blood Loss

Acceptance of Normovolemic Anemia

Adverse Effects of Substantial Bleeding

Transfusion Risks and Uncertainties

Clinical Outcomes

Economic Outcomes

Preoperative Planning and Patient Optimization

Multimodality, Interdisciplinary, and Individualized Approach

Anticoagulation Management and Reversal

Angiographic Embolization or Vascular Occlusion

Management and Optimization of Hemostasis

Intraoperative Autologous Blood Management

Anesthetic Blood Conservation Techniques

Controlled (Induced) Hypotension

Postoperative Anemia Management

Optimization of Patients’ Tolerance of Anemia

Clinical Outcomes

Economic Outcomes

Preoperative Patient Evaluation and Transfusion Risk Assessment

Preoperative Planning and Patient Optimization

Multimodality, Interdisciplinary, and Individualized Approach

Preoperative Anemia Management and Optimization of Red Cell Mass

Angiographic Embolization or Vascular Occlusion

Surgical Blood Conservation Techniques

Minimally Invasive Approaches

Management and Optimization of Hemostasis

Thermal Management (Prevention of Hypothermia)

Intraoperative Autologous Blood Management

Anesthetic Blood Conservation Techniques

Postoperative Blood Cell Salvage

Restricted Diagnostic Phlebotomy to Avoid Iatrogenic Anemia

Acceptance of Normovolemic Anemia

Clinical Outcomes

Economic Outcomes

Preoperative Patient Evaluation and Transfusion Risk Assessment

Preoperative Planning and Patient Optimization

Multimodality, Interdisciplinary, and Individualized Approach

Preoperative Anemia Management and Optimization of Red Cell Mass

Angiographic Embolization or Vascular Occlusion

Surgical Blood Conservation Techniques

Management and Optimization of Hemostasis

Intraoperative Autologous Blood Management

Anesthetic Blood Conservation Techniques

Controlled (Induced) Hypotension

Transfusion Risks and Uncertainties

Preoperative Patient Evaluation and Transfusion Risk Assessment

Preoperative Planning and Patient Optimization

Multimodality, Interdisciplinary, and Individualized Approach

Preoperative Anemia Management and Optimization of Red Cell Mass

Thrombocytopenia Management

Anticoagulation Management and Reversal

Management and Optimization of Hemostasis

Thermal Management (Prevention of Hypothermia)

Judicious Fluid and Volume Management

Intraoperative Autologous Blood Management

Anesthetic Blood Conservation Techniques

Restricted Diagnostic Phlebotomy to Avoid Iatrogenic Anemia

Postoperative Anemia Management

Optimization of Patients’ Tolerance of Anemia

Acceptance of Normovolemic Anemia

Adverse Effects of Substantial Bleeding

Transfusion Risks and Uncertainties

Clinical Outcomes

Economic Outcomes

Multimodality, Interdisciplinary, and Individualized Approach

Prehospital

Anticoagulation Management and Reversal

Expeditious Arterial Embolization or Mechanical Vascular Occlusion

Restricted Diagnostic Phlebotomy to Avoid Iatrogenic Anemia

Management and Optimization of Hemostasis

Thermal Management (Prevention of Hypothermia)

Optimization of Oxygen Delivery

Hypotensive Resuscitation

Damage Control Strategy

Blood Cell Salvage

Early Anemia Management

Acceptance of Normovolemic Anemia

Clinical Outcomes

Economic Outcomes

Preoperative Patient Evaluation and Transfusion Risk Assessment

Preoperative Planning and Patient Optimization

Multimodality, Interdisciplinary, and Individualized Approach

Preoperative Anemia Management and Optimization of Red Cell Mass

Surgical Blood Conservation Techniques

Management and Optimization of Hemostasis

Thermal Management (Prevention of Hypothermia)

Intraoperative Autologous Blood Management

Anesthetic Blood Conservation Techniques

Controlled (Induced) Hypotension

Restricted Diagnostic Phlebotomy to Avoid Iatrogenic Anemia

Acceptance of Normovolemic Anemia

Clinical Outcomes

FOR CLINICIANS

Medicine and Surgery

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Medicine and Surgery

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Subjects include: Clinical strategies for managing hemorrhage and anemia without blood transfusion, the religious and ethical position of Jehovah’s Witnesses on medical therapy, and the services Witnesses offer to the medical community through their worldwide network of Hospital Liaison Committees.

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The medical section of jw.org is designed as an informational resource primarily for use by clinicians and other health-care professionals. It provides neither medical advice nor treatment recommendations and does not substitute for an appropriately qualified health-care provider. The clinical literature cited is not published by Jehovah’s Witnesses, but it outlines transfusion-alternative strategies that might be considered. It is the responsibility of each qualified health-care provider to maintain awareness of new information, discuss options for care, and assist patients in making choices in accord with their medical condition, wishes, values, and beliefs. Not all listed strategies are appropriate or acceptable to all patients.

Patients: Always seek the advice of your doctor or other qualified health-care provider regarding medical conditions or treatments. Check with a doctor if you suspect you are ill.

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