Nu Si Blema Cuneiform Ðe Fia Le Biblia Ŋu

ESI wotɔtɔ gbe na ameƒomea le Babel megbe la, dukɔwo va to nuŋɔŋlɔmɔnu vovovowo vɛ. Ame siwo nɔ Mesopotamia, abe Sumertɔwo kple Babilontɔwo ene, zã nuŋɔŋlɔmɔnu si nye cuneiform. Woɖe nya sia tso Latingbe me nya si fia “nu kpakpɛ si ƒe akpa ɖeka le kpabɛ” la me, eye wòkuna ɖe dzeside aɖe si nɔa dzogoe etɔ̃ me, si wotsɔa nuŋlɔti biɖoe wɔna ɖe anyikpe si meƒu haɖe o dzi ŋu.

Tomenukulawo ke ɖe cuneiform nuŋɔŋlɔ siwo ƒo nu tso amewo kple nudzɔdzɔ siwo ŋu woƒo nu tso le Ŋɔŋlɔawo hã me ŋu. Nu kae míenya tso blemanuŋɔŋlɔmɔnu sia ŋu? Eye alekee wòɖo kpe edzi be kakaɖedzi le Biblia me nyawo ŋu?

Nuŋlɔɖi Siwo Tsi Ŋutɔ

Nunyalawo xɔ edzi se be le gɔmedzedzea me la, nuŋɔŋlɔmɔnu si wozã le Mesopotamia la nye nutatamɔnu si me wozãa dzesiwo alo nɔnɔmetata siwo nɔa tsitre ɖi na nya alo susu aɖe la le. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, le gɔmedzedzea me la, dzesi si nɔa tsitre ɖi na nyi ye nye nyita ƒe nɔnɔmetata. Esi nuwo ŋɔŋlɔ ɖi ƒe hiahiã va nɔ dzidzim ɖe edzi la, wova to cuneiform nuŋɔŋlɔmɔnua vɛ. Tomenukuku ŋuti numekugbalẽ aɖe ɖe nu me be: “Azɔ la, menye nya ɖekaɖekawo koe dzesiwo ate ŋu atsi tsitre ɖi na o, ke woate ŋu atsi tsitre ɖi na nyayɔyɔwo, siwo dometɔ geɖe woate ŋu aƒo ƒu wòazu nya ɖeka.” Mlɔeba la, wote ŋu va zãa ŋɔŋlɔdzesi vovovo 200 sɔŋ, siwo wɔe be “wote ŋu va zãa cuneiform nuŋɔŋlɔmɔnua, si ƒe nyawo kple gbeŋutise gɔme sese sesẽ ŋutɔ la, tsɔ ŋlɔa nyagbɔgblɔ ŋutɔŋutɔwo.”—NIV Archaeological Study Bible.

Va ɖo Abraham ƒe ɣeyiɣia me, si nye ƒe 2,000 D.M.Ŋ. me lɔƒo la, cuneiform nuŋɔŋlɔmɔnua va de ŋgɔ ŋutɔ. Wova zã nuŋɔŋlɔmɔnu sia le gbegbɔgblɔ 15 aɖewo ŋɔŋlɔ me le ƒe alafa 20 siwo kplɔe ɖo me. Cuneiform nuŋlɔɖi siwo ŋu woke ɖo la dometɔ siwo wu 99 le alafa me nye esiwo woŋlɔ ɖe anyikpewo dzi. Le ƒe 150 siwo va yi me la, woke ɖe anyikpe siawo ƒomevi gbogbo aɖewo ŋu le teƒe siwo nye Ur, Uruk, Babilon, Nimrud, Nippur, Asur, Niniwe, Mari, Ebla, Ugarit, kple Amarna. Tomenukuku ŋuti numekugbalẽ aɖe gblɔ be: “Nunyalawo bu akɔnta be cuneiform nuŋlɔɖikpe siwo ŋu woke ɖo xoxo le tomenukuku me la katã ƒe xexlẽme le miliɔn ɖeka kple eve dome, eye wogakena ɖe bubu siwo ade 25,000 lɔƒo la ŋu ƒe sia ƒe.”—Archaeology Odyssey.

Cuneiform nuŋlɔɖiawo gɔme ɖeɖe nye dɔ nyadri aɖe le eŋutinunyala siwo katã le xexea me godoo la dzi be woawɔ. Akɔntabubu aɖe ɖee fia be, “cuneiform nuŋlɔɖiawo dometɔ 1 le 10 me koe woxlẽ zi ɖeka pɛ ko gɔ̃ hã kpɔ le míaƒe ŋkeke siawo me le gbogbo siwo li kɔ ɖi la dome.”

Cuneiform nuŋlɔɖi siwo woŋlɔ ɖe gbegbɔgblɔ eve alo etɔ̃ me koŋue kpe ɖe nunyalawo ŋu wote ŋu se cuneiform nuŋɔŋlɔawo gɔme. Nunyalawo de dzesii be nya ɖeka tɔgbi siwo wotsɔ cuneiform ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo ŋlɔ ye woŋlɔ ɖe nuŋlɔɖi siawo me le gbe vovovowo me. Nu si na cuneiform nuŋɔŋlɔawo gɔme sese nɔ bɔbɔe ye nye be wode dzesii be wogbugbɔ ŋlɔa ŋkɔwo, dzesideŋkɔwo, fiawo ƒe dzidzimenuŋlɔɖiwo, kple ame ɖokui kafukafu ŋuti nyawo gɔ̃ hã enuenu le nuŋlɔɖiawo me.

Kaka ƒe 1850 ƒeawo naɖo la, nunyalawo te ŋu xlẽa Akkadgbe, alo Asiria kple Babilontɔwo ƒe gbe, si nye Asia ƒe anyiehe kple ɣedzeƒe nutowo me tɔwo ƒe gbe aɖe si ame geɖe dona la, le cuneiform nuŋɔŋlɔ me. Numekugbalẽ aɖe ɖe nu me be: “Esi wodze agbagba te ŋu se Akkadgbe gɔme ko la, woke ɖe nuŋɔŋlɔmɔnu sia gɔme sese ƒe agunu ŋu, eye esia na wote ŋu wɔ gbe bubu siwo wotsɔa cuneiform ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo ŋlɔna la gɔme ɖeɖe ŋuti mɔfiame aɖe ɖi.” (Encyclopædia Britannica) Ƒomedodo kae le blemanuŋɔŋlɔ siawo kple Biblia dome?

 Kpeɖodzi Siwo Wɔ Ðeka Kple Biblia

Biblia gblɔ be Kanaantɔwo ƒe fiawoe nɔ Yerusalem dzi ɖum va se ɖe esime David va xɔe le wo si le ƒe 1070 D.M.Ŋ. lɔƒo me. (Yos. 10:1; 2 Sam. 5:4-9) Gake nunyala aɖewo ke ɖi nya sia. Ke hã, le ƒe 1887 me la, nyɔnu agbledela aɖe fɔ anyikpe aɖe si dzi woŋlɔ nu ɖo la le Amarna, Egypt. Mlɔeba la, wova ke ɖe nuŋlɔɖi 380 aɖewo ŋu le afi ma, eye wokpɔe be Egipte dzi ɖulawo (Amenhotep III kple Akhenaton) kple Kanaan fiaɖuƒewo ƒe fiawo dome nyawoe woŋlɔ ɖe wo dzi. Nuŋlɔɖi siawo dometɔ ade nye lɛta siwo tso Yerusalem dzi ɖula, ‘Abdi-Heba, gbɔ.

Numekugbalẽ aɖe gblɔ be: “Nuŋlɔɖi siwo le nuŋlɔkpe siwo wofɔ le Amarna dzi la na eme va kɔ be menye aƒewo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo aɖee Yerusalem nye o, ke boŋ due wònye, eye ɖoƒe si ‘Abdi-Heba nɔ . . . abe dudzikpɔla si si nɔƒe nɔ ene, ame si te Egipte srafo 50 siwo wodɔ ɖe dɔ gbe nɔ le Yerusalem la, ɖee fia be totamefiaɖuƒe sue aɖee Yerusalem nye.” Agbalẽa yi edzi gblɔ be: “Míate ŋu anɔ te ɖe lɛta siwo wofɔ le Amarna dzi agblɔ kakaɖedzitɔe be du aɖe si nye du ɖedzesi le ɣeyiɣi mawo me la nɔ anyi ɣemaɣi.”—Biblical Archaeology Review.

Ŋkɔ Siwo Le Asiriatɔwo Kple Babilontɔwo Ƒe Nuŋlɔɖiwo Me

Asiriatɔwo ŋlɔ woƒe ŋutinyawo ɖe anyikpewo, kpe nogowo, nuŋlɔɖikpe bubuwo, kple ŋkuɖodzikpewo dzi, eye emegbe Babilontɔwo hã wɔe nenema. Eya ta esi nunyalawo te ŋu va se Akkadgbe me cuneiform nuŋɔŋlɔwo gɔme ko la, wova kpɔe be nuŋlɔɖi mawo ƒo nu tso ame siwo ƒe ŋkɔwo dze le Biblia hã me la ŋu.

Numekugbalẽ aɖe gblɔ be: “Le ƒe 1870 me, esime Ðɔkta Samuel Birch nɔ nu ƒom na Biblia Ŋuti Tomenukuku Habɔbɔ si woɖo yeyee la, ete ŋu de dzesi Hebri fia siwo nye Omri, Axab, Yehu, Azarya . . . , Menaxem, Pekax, Hosea, Xizkiya, kple Manase; Asiria fia siwo nye Tiglat-Pileser . . . [III], Sargon, Sanxerib, Asar-Xadon, kple Asnapar, . . . kple Siriatɔ siwo nye Ben-Hadad, Xazael, kple Rezin [ƒe ŋkɔwo le cuneiform nuŋɔŋlɔawo me].”—The Bible in the British Museum.

Numekugbalẽ aɖe gblɔ be wotsɔ Israel kple Yuda ƒe ŋutinya siwo le Biblia me sɔ kple nya siwo le cuneiform nuŋlɔɖiwo me ku ɖe wo ŋu. Nu kae wokpɔ? Wokpɔe be: “Yuda kple Israel fia 15 alo 16 siwo ƒe ŋkɔwo dze le dukɔ bubu siwo nɔ anyi ɣemaɣi ƒe nuŋlɔɖiwo me la sɔ pɛpɛpɛ kple woƒe ŋkɔwo kple ɣeyiɣi siwo me wonɔ anyi, abe ale si wòdze le Fiawo Ƒe Agbalẽ [siwo le Biblia me] la me ene. Dukɔwo ƒe nuŋlɔɖiwo meɖe fia aɖeke ƒe ŋkɔ ɖa le wo dome o, eye fia bubu aɖeke hã ƒe ŋkɔ mele nuŋlɔɖi mawo me siwo mele Fiawo Ƒe Agbalẽawo me xoxo o.”—The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating.

Cuneiform nuŋlɔɖi xɔŋkɔ aɖe si ŋu woke ɖo le ƒe 1879 me, si nye Kores ƒe Nuŋlɔɖikpe, la ka nya ta be esime Kores ɖu Babilon dzi le ƒe 539 D.M.Ŋ. me megbe la, eɖe mɔ na aboyomewo be woatrɔ ayi wo de. Yudatɔwo hã nɔ dukɔ siwo ɖoɖo sia ɖe vi na la dome. (Ezra 1:1-4) Nunyala siwo nɔ anyi le ƒe alafa 19 lia me dometɔ geɖe ke ɖi asiɖeɖe le aboyomewo ŋu ƒe nya sia si dze le Biblia me la ƒe nyateƒenyenye. Gake Persiatɔwo ƒe cuneiform nuŋlɔɖiawo, siwo dome Kores ƒe Nuŋlɔɖikpe hã le la, na kpeɖodzi siwo ŋu ɖikeke aɖeke mele o be Biblia me nuŋlɔɖiawo de pɛpɛpɛ.

Le ƒe 1883 me la, woke ɖe nuŋlɔɖi xoxowo dzraɖoƒe si me cuneiform nuŋlɔɖi siwo wu 700 le la ŋu le Nippur, si te ɖe Babilon ŋu. Wote ŋu de dzesi Yuda ŋkɔ 70 le ŋkɔ 2,500 siwo woŋlɔ ɖe nuŋlɔɖi mawo me la dome. Blemaŋutinyaŋlɔla Edwin Yamauchi gblɔ be “woƒo nu tso wo ŋu abe dɔwɔwɔ ŋuti ɖoɖo wɔlawo, ɖasefowo, nudzɔlawo, kple fia ŋuti mewo ene.” Kpeɖodzi sia si ɖee fia be Yudatɔwo yi edzi wɔa dɔ siawo ƒomevi le nuto siwo te ɖe Babilon ŋu me le ɣeyiɣi mawo me la ɖe dzesi ŋutɔ. Esia wɔ ɖeka kple Biblia me nyagblɔɖi si gblɔ be esime Israel ƒe “ame susɔeawo” trɔ tso aboyo me le Asiria kple Babilon la, wo katã metrɔ yi Yuda o.—Yes. 10:21, 22.

Le ƒe akpe ɖeka si do ŋgɔ na mía ŋɔli me la, cuneiform nuŋɔŋlɔwo kple alfabeta nuŋɔŋlɔwo siaa nɔ anyi. Gake Asiriatɔwo kple Babilontɔwo va ɖe asi le cuneiform nuŋɔŋlɔmɔnua ŋu mlɔeba helé fɔ ɖe alfabeta nuŋɔŋlɔwo zazã ŋu.

Nuŋlɔɖikpe akpe alafa geɖewo kpɔtɔ le blemanudzraɖoƒewo, siwo ŋu womekpɔ srɔ̃ nu tso haɖe o. Esiwo ŋu nunyalawo srɔ̃ nu tso xoxo la na kpeɖodzi sẽŋu siwo ɖee fia be kakaɖedzi blibo le Biblia me nyawo ŋu. Anɔ eme godoo be woagava ke ɖe kpeɖodzi bubu geɖewo ŋu le nuŋlɔɖi xoxo siwo ŋu womekpɔ srɔ̃ nu tso haɖe o me.

[Nɔnɔmetata Tsoƒe si le axa 21]

Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum