Finshi Imipepele ya kwa Calvin Yacita mu Myaka 500 Iyapita?

JEAN CAUVIN (John Calvin) afyalilwe mwi tauni lya Noyon, ku France, mu 1509. E watendeke imipepele iyakumine sana abantu abengi abaleikala mu fyalo fimo ifya ku Bulaya, ku America, mu South Africa, na ku ncende shimbi. Aba pa bantu ababombeshe ukwalula ifintu mu mipepele mu fyalo fya ku Bulaya na ku America.

Napapita imyaka 500 ukutula apo Calvin afyalilwe, lelo ifyo alesambilisha fyalishala kabili filasambilishiwa na pali ino nshita mu macalici ya ba Protestanti pamo nga mu Reformed, mu Presbyterian, mu Congregational, mu Puritani, na mu macalici yambi. Mu September, uyu mwaka wapwile, akabungwe ka World Alliance of Reformed Churches, katile kakwete abantu 75 milioni mu fyalo 107.

Alipusene na BaKatolika

Bawishi ba kwa Calvin bali ni ba loya kabili e bali ba kalemba mwi Calici lya ba Katolika ilya mu Noyon. Umulimo balebomba nalimo walengele beshibe ifyabipa ifingi ifyo bashimapepo balecita. Tatwaishiba nampo nga ifi fyalengele batampe ukusuusha icalici nelyo iyo, lelo mu  kuya kwa nshita, bawishi John na bandume nabo balibatamfishe mu calici. Ilyo bawishi bafwile, John aliculile pa kuti aba ku calici basumine ukushiika bawishi ukulingana ne fyo Abena Kristu balebashiika. Ici calengele ukuti John asuule sana Icalici lya ba Katolika.

Ifitabo ifingi ifyalanda pali Calvin tafilanda sana pa nshita ali umulumendo, fyalandapo fye ukuti ali uwatalalila. Cimoneka kwati nangu ni lintu ali ku sukulu ku Paris, ku Orléans, na ku Bourges, John akwete fye abanankwe abanono. Na lyo line, alikwete sana amano kabili alesungila sana ifintu. Ifi fyonse, ukubikako ne fyo abikile amano ku kusambilila fyalengele ukuti asambilile sana ifya buloya ninshi talafisha ne myaka 23. Aleima ku maca, mu ma 05:00 hrs, no kutendeka ukubelenga mpaka pa kati ka bushiku. Alisambilile ne ciHebere, iciGriki, ne ciLatini pa kuti alesoma sana Baibolo. Calvin alebika sana amano ku milimo alebomba, kabili abengi batila ifi fine e fyaba na bakonka ifisambilisho fyakwe.

Pali iyi yine nshita, Martin Luther, uwaleikala mu calo ca Germany, alesuusha Icalici lya Katolika pa lwalala pa mulandu wa mafisakanwa na pa kukanasambilisha ifya mu Baibolo. Caishibikwa ukuti mu 1517, Luther akambatike ifipepala 95 pa ciibi ca pe calici lya mu Wittenberg apo alembele ukuti alefwaya ukuti baluleko ifyo balesambilisha mu calici. Abengi balitemenwe ifyo Luther alefwaya kabili tapakokwele, ifintu fyatendeke ukwaluka mu Bulaya monse. Mu ncende ishingi ba Katolika balikeene ukwalula ifyo balesambilisha, kabili ba Protestanti abalefwaisha ukuti ifintu fyaluke balibacushishe nga nshi. Mu 1533 mu Paris, cibusa wa kwa Calvin, Nicholas Cop alandile ifyebo ku bantu ifyalangile ukuti na o alefwaya ba Katolika baluleko ifyo balesambilisha, kabili apo Calvin alyafwileko Cop ukulemba ifi fyebo, bonse babili balibutwike mu France pantu balefwaya ukubepaya. Calvin tatalile abwelela ku France.

Mu 1536, Calvin alembele icitabo ca kuti Institutes of the Christian Religion, icalelanda pa fisumino fya ba Protestanti. Ici citabo alembeele Imfumu Francis I pa kuti acingilile ba Protestanti ba ku France, abo baishiletendeka ukwita ati aba Huguenots. Calvin alisuushishe ifisambilisho fya ba Katolika kabili atile ifyo asuminemo fyafumine kuli Lesa. Ifyalembelwe mu citabo ca Institutes fyalengele ifintu ukwaluka mu mipepele, lelo na kabili fyalengele no kuti imilembele ne milandile ya lulimi lwa ciFrench yaluke. Calvin balemupendela pa bantu abacindikwa ababalilepo ukwalula ifintu mu mipepele. Mu kulekelesha, atendeke ukwikala mu Geneva, ku Switzerland, kabili ukufuma mu 1541, muli uyu musumba e mo atendeke ukucitila fyonse ifyo alefwaya pa kwalula ifintu mu mipepele.

Alyeseshe Ukwalula Ifintu mu Geneva

Calvin alibombeshe pa kuti ifintu fyaluke mu Geneva. Pa mulandu ne fyo Calvin alefwaisha abantu ukuba ne mibele isuma no kuba abalungami, icitabo ca Encyclopedia of Religion calondolola ukuti alengele umusumba wa Geneva, “uwaishibikilwe ku mibele yabipa, ukuba umusumba umo abantu balekonka imibele isuma.” Ifintu na fimbi fyalyalwike. Sabine Witt, uwasambilila sana kabili umukalamba wa cikuulwa basungilamo ifya kale ico beta ati Berlin’s German Historical Museum, alondolwele ukuti: “Pa mulandu wa nkondo shaliko mu France isha ba mipepele, impendwa ya bantu [mu Geneva] yalikulile sana mu myaka fye iinono pa mulandu  wa kuti ba Protestanti e ko balebutukila.” Aba Huguenot, balebombesha nga filya Calvin alebombesha, ici calengele ukuti ubunonshi mu Geneva buye pa ntanshi, kabili umu mwine e mo bayambile ukupulintila amabuuku no kupanga inkoloko.

Imbutushi na shimbi ukufuma ku fyalo fimbi shabutukile ku Geneva, na bengi bafumine ku England, uko ba Protestanti baletiina Namfumu Mary I. Abengi abalekonka ifisambilisho fya kwa Calvin bali ni mbutushi, e co batendeke ico ulupapulo lwa Christ in der Gegenwart (Umwina Kristu wa Muno Nshiku) lwaleita ukuti “ifisumino fya balecushiwa.” Mu 1560 imbutushi shapulintile Geneva Bible mu ciNgeleshi, iyabalilepo ukukwata ifikomo ifyatantikwa mu manambala. Pa mulandu wa kuti yali iinono, calyangukile abantu ukulabelenga Icebo ca kwa Lesa. Napamo iyi yine e Baibolo abena Puritani basendele ilyo baile mu kwikala ku North America mu 1620.

Lelo, te bantu bonse abo bapokelele bwino mu Geneva. Michael Servetus, uwafyelwe mu 1511 ku Spain, asambilile iciGriki, iciLatini, iciHebere, ne fya budokota kabili afwile aishibene na Calvin ilyo balesambilila bonse mu Paris. Ukulingana ne fyo alesambilila mu Baibolo, Servetus aishileiluka ukuti icisambilisho ca kuti muli Lesa umo mwaba abene batatu tacalembwa mu Baibolo. Alembeele Calvin kalata pali ici cisambilisho, lelo Calvin talemona Servetus ukuti ni cibusa wakwe, alemumona ngo mulwani. Ilyo ba Katolika mu France batendeke ukucusha Servetus, abutukile ku Geneva, ukwaleikala Calvin. Mu nshita ya kumupokelela, balimwikete, balimupeele umulandu wa kuti alipondokele icalici, kabili mu 1553 balimocele pa cimuti. Kalemba wa lyashi lya kale Friedrich Oehninger atile: “Filya Servetus bamwipeye fyalenga ukuti abantu basuule [Calvin] kumo ne milimo abombele nangu ca kutila ali pa bantu abo bacindika sana aba-alwile ifintu mu mipepele.”

Calvin alilembele ifitabo ifingi ilyo aleesha ukwalula ifintu. Batila alembele ifitabo ukucila pali 100, amakalata 1,000 kabili alilandile na malyashi 4,000 ku bantu mu Geneva. Muli ifi fyonse, Calvin talondolwele fye ifyo aletontonkanya ukuti e fyo ubuKristu bufwile ukuba lelo alyeseshe no kulenga abantu ukulakonka ifyo aletontonkanya ukuti e fyo Abena Kristu bafwile ukuba, maka maka abali mu Geneva, pantu alemona ukuti wali musumba wa kwa Lesa. *

Bushe finshi fyafuma mu matukuto ya kwa Calvin aya kwesha ukwalula ifintu mu Geneva? Akabungwe ka Swiss Federal Statistics Office, kalandile ukuti mu mwaka wa 2000, bantu fye abanono mu Geneva e balepepa mwi calici lya Reformed (Calvinist) Church, kabili ba Katolika e bafula ukucila abakonka ifisambilisho fya kwa Calvin.

Ukukanaikatana mu Mipepele Kwakulilako

Pa mulandu wa kwaluka ukwacitike, imisumba ne fyalo fya mu Bulaya fyalyakanikene mu mipepele, bamo bapingwilepo ukulapepa ku Katolika, bambi kuli ba Lutheran, e lyo bambi nabo kuli ba Calvin. Nangu ca kutila aba-alwile ifintu mu mipepele balebombela pamo ilyo balesuusha Icalici lya Katolika, na lyo line tabaleumfwana. Witt, uo twacilandapo pa kubala, atile: “Nangu fye ni ba Protestanti, na bo bene ifyo basuminemo  fyalipusene.” Nangu ca kutila bonse balisumine ukuti ifyo Abena Kristu basuminamo fifwile ukufuma muli Baibolo, ifyo balesambilisha fyalepusana. Babalile ukukansanina pa mwalola amashiwi ya kuti Umulalilo wa kwa Shikulu no kubapo kwa kwa Kristu. Mu kupita kwa nshita, abalekonka ifisambilisho fya kwa Calvin batendeke icisambilisho ico abengi basuushishe sana, icisambilisho ca kuti Lesa alilingila libela ifintu.

Balikansene icine cine pa bupilibulo bwa mashiwi ya kuti Lesa alilingila libela ifintu. Ibumba limo pa balekonka ifisambilisho fya kwa Calvin basumine ukuti ilyo abantu tabalabembuka, ninshi Lesa alisalila libela abantu abanono fye abali no kupusuka ukupitila muli Kristu, e lyo abashala bena tabali na kupusuka. Kanshi ili bumba lyasumine ukuti Lesa alisalila kabela abo akapususha, no kuti abantu bamo balicindama ukucila bambi. Ibumba limbi lyasumine ukuti umuntu fye uuli onse kuti apusuka, kabili umuntu umwine e ufwile ukusalapo. Ici calolele mu kuti ukupusuka kwashintilile pa fyo umuntu umwine asalapo ukucita. Na lintu papitile imyaka iingi ukutula apo Calvin afwilile, abalekonka ifisambilisho fyakwe balekansana. Bamo baleti Lesa alisalila libela abakapusuka, bambi baleti ukupusuka kwashintilile pa fyo umuntu umwine asalapo ukucita, e lyo bambi na bo baleti abantu bamo balicindama ukucila bambi.

Ifyabipa Ifyafuminemo

Mu myaka ya ba 1900, icalici lya Dutch Reformed Church lyakonkele icisumino ca kwa Calvin ica kuti abantu bamo balicindama ukucila bambi ne ci calengele ukuti mu South Africa mube akapaatulula ka nkanda. Ilyo alelanda pe funde lya buteko ilya kuti ababuuta balicindama ukucila abafiita, Nelson Mandela, kateka wafiita uwabalilepo ukuteka mu South Africa, atile: “Ili funde lyaletungililwa ne calici lya Dutch Reformed Church, ilyaletila akapaatulula ka nkanda kaliba fye bwino pantu ababuuta balisalwa na Lesa e lyo abafiita bena balisuulwa. Kanshi icalici e lyaleluminisha akapaatulula ka nkanda.”

Muli ba 1990, icalici lya Dutch Reformed Church lyalilombele ubwelelo ku bantu pa mulandu wa kutungilila akapaatulula ka nkanda. Muli kalata balembele iyo baleita ukuti Rustenburg Declaration, bashimapepo basumine ukuti: “Fwe bamo twalibomfeshe bubi bubi Baibolo ku kutungilila akapaatulula, kabili ici calengele abengi ukusumina ukuti Lesa alikasuminisha.” Pa myaka iingi ilyo icalici lyaletungilila akapaatulula ka nkanda, calengele abantu ukucula nga nshi kabili balepeela na Lesa umulandu pa fyabipa ifyalecitika!

John Calvin afwilile mu Geneva mu 1564. Batila ilyo alefwa, atashishe bonse abo alepepa na bo “pa kumucindika sana nangu ca kuti talingile no kucindikwa,” kabili alombele ubwelelo pa mulandu wa kuti ali umukali kabili uushatekanya. Nangu ca kutila ali umukali kabili uushatekanya, calimoneka fye apabuuta ukuti ba Protestanti baba nga filya fine John Calvin ali, balabombesha, kabili bali-ipeelesha ukubomba imilimo.

[Futunoti]

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Pa mulandu wa kwaluka ukwacitike, imisumba ne fyalo fya mu Bulaya fyalyakanikene mu mipepele, bamo bapingwilepo ukulapepa ku Katolika, bambi kuli ba Lutheran, e lyo bambi nabo kuli ba Calvin

[Mapu pe bula 18]

(Nga mulefwaya ukumona mapu, moneni muli magazini)

SPAIN

FRANCE

PARIS

Noyon

Orléans

Bourges

SWITZERLAND

GENEVA

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Icitabo ca “Institutes” ico Calvin alembele (1536) mwalembelwe ifisumino fya ba Protestanti

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© INTERFOTO/Alamy

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Filya Servetus bamwipeye fyalenga ukuti abantu basuule Calvin kumo ne milimo abombele

[Abatusuminishe]

© Mary Evans Picture Library

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“Geneva Bible” iya mu ciNgeleshi (iya mu 1560) e yabalilepo ukukwata ifikomo ifyatantikwa mu manambala

[Abatusumishe]

Courtesy American Bible Society

[Abatusuminishe Ukubomfya icikope pe bula 18]

French town: © Mary Evans Picture Library